Visvesvaraya Technological

University
Center for Post Graduate Studies,
Machhe, Belagavi.

Seminar presentation on
RETROFITTING AND
RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES

Presented by -
P. YASWANTH REDDY
M.TECH- STRUCTURAL ENGG. ( 2VX18CSE16) Under the Guidance of :
Department of Structural Engineering
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi. Dr.D.S. PRAKASH
 CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• RETROFIT PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVE
• NEED OF RETROFITTING
• RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES
• NEW TRENDS IN RETROFITTING
• CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
• Earthquake creates great devastation in terms
of life , money and failures of structures.
• Earthquake mitigation is an important field of
study from a long time now.
• Seismic retrofitting is a collection of mitigation
techniques for earthquake engineering.
• It is of utmost importance for historic
monuments, areas prone to severe earthquakes
and tall or expensive structures.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
• Kondraivendhan and Pradhan (2009) [14] : Studied effect of
ferrocement confinement on behavior of concrete.
• ADVANCED RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES: A STATE OF AN
ART REVIEW: Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
• N.M.Bhandari and A.K. Dwivedi (2003)13 In this paper Some
materials are described like Epoxy, Steel, Mortar, Quick setting
cement mortar, F RP.
• M C Griffith And A V Pinto (2000) have investigated the
specific details of a 4-storey, reinforced concrete frame test
structure with unreinforced brick masonry (URM)
 SEISMIC RETROFITTING
• DEFINITION : It is the modification of
existing structures to make them more
resistant to seismic activity, ground motion ,
or soil failure due to earthquakes.
• The retrofit techniques are also applicable
for other natural hazards such as tropical
cyclones, tornadoes and severe winds from
thunderstorms.
 WHEN IS SEISMIC
RETROFITTING NEEDED?
THE TWO CIRCUMSTANCES ARE :
• Earthquake damaged buildings , and
• Earthquake vulnerable buildings (with no
exposure to severe earthquakes)
 RETROFIT PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES
• Public safety only : The goal is to protect human life,
ensuring that the structure will not collapse upon its
occupants or passers-by and that the structure can
be safely exited. Under severe seismic conditions the
structure may be a total economic write off ,
requiring tear down and replacement.
• Structure survivability : The goal is that the
structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require
extensive repair (but not replacement ) before it is
generally useful or considered safe for occupation.
This is typically the lowest level of retrofit applied to
bridges.
 RETROFIT PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES (CONTD.)
• STRUCTURE FUNCTIONALITY:
Primary structure undamaged and the
structure is undiminished in utility for its
primary application.
• STRUCTURE UNAFFECTED: This level of
retrofit is preferred for historic structures of
high cultural significance.
 NEED OF RETROFITTING IN EXISTING
EARTHQUAKE VULNERABLE BUILDING
• Buildings have been designed according to a seismic
code but the code has been upgraded in later years.
• Buildings designed to meet the modern seismic codes but
deficiencies exist in the design and/or construction.
• Essential buildings must be strengthened like hospitals,
historical monuments and architectural buildings.
• Important buildings whose services are assumed to be
essential just after an earthquake like hospitals .
• Buildings, the use of which has changed through the
years.
• Buildings that are expanded, renovated or rebuilt.
 BASIC CONCEPT OF
RETROFITTING
The aim is that :
• Upgradation of lateral strength of the
structure.
• Increase in the ductility of the structure.
• Increase in strength and ductility
 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
PHILOSOPHY
• Under minor but frequent shaking the main members of
the building that carry vertical and horizontal forces
should not be damaged. However building parts that do
not carry load may sustain repairable damage.
• Under moderate but occasional shaking the main
members may sustain repairable damage while the other
parts of the building may be damaged such that they
may even have to be replaced after the earthquake.
• Under strong but rare shaking the main members may
sustain severe ( even irreparable ) damage but the
building should not collapse.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES
 SOME CONVENTIONAL
APPROACHES
ADDING NEW SHEAR WALLS
• Frequently used for retrofitting
of non ductile reinforced
concrete frame buildings.
• The added elements can be
either cast in place or precast
concrete elements.
• New elements preferably be
placed at the exterior of the
building.
• Not preferred in the interior of
the structure to avoid interior
mouldings.
ADDING STEEL BRACINGS :
• AN EFFECTIVE SOOLUTION WHEN LARGE
OPENINGS ARE REQUIRED
• POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES FOR THE
FOLLOWING REASONS:
1. Higher strength and stiffness
2. Opening for natural light
3. Amount of work is less since foundation
cast may be minimized
4. Adds much less weight to the existing
structure
ADDING SHEAR WALLS AND
BRACINGS
ADDING STEEL BRACINGS
JACKETING (LOCAL RETROFITTING
TECHNIQUE)
• Most popular method for strengthening of
building columns
• Type 1 : Steel jacket 2. Reinforced concrete
jacket 3. Fibre reinforced polymer
composite jacket
• PURPOSE OF JACKETING :
1. To increase concrete confinement
2. To increase shear strength
3. To increase flexural strength
JACKETING
 RETROFIT OF STRUCTERS USING
INNOVATIVE MATERIALS
• Current research on advanced materials has
mainly concentrated on fibre reinforced
plastic (FRP) composites.
• Studies have shown that externally bonded
FRP composites can be applied to various
structural members including columns ,
beams ,slabs and walls to improve their
structural performance such as stiffness ,
load carrying and ductility.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FRPC AS A
RETROFITTING MATERIAL
 TUNED MASS DAMPER (TMD)
• It is also known as an active mass
damper (AMD) or harmonic
absorber.
• It’s a device mounted in structures
to reduce the amplitude of
mechanical vibrations.
• Their application can prevent
discomfort , damage or outright
structural failure.
• They are frequently used in power
transmission automobiles and tall
buildings
 Tuned mass damper (TMD)
• Taipei 101 has the largest TMD sphere in the world
and world and weighs 660 metric tonnes with a
diameter of 5.5 metre and costs US $ 4 million (total
structure costs US$ 1.80 billion)
Indian codes for earthquake design
• IS:1893-2002 (part-1) criteria for earthquake
resistant design of structures (part 1: general
provision and buildings)-code of practice
• IS : 4326-1993 earthquake resistant design and
construction of buildings- code of practice
• IS: 13920-1993 ductile detailing of reinforced
concrete structures subjected to seismic forces –code
of practice
• IS: 13935-1993 improving earthquake resistance of
low strength masonry buildings-guidelines
• IS:13827-1993 improving earthquake of earthen
buildings -guidelines
 CONCLUSION
• Seismic retrofitting is a suitable technology for
protection of a variety of structures.
• It has matured in the recent years to a highly reliable
technology
• But the expertise needed is not available in the basic
level
• The main challenge is to achieve a desired performance
level at a minimum cost which can be achieved through
a detailed nonlinear analysis
• Optimization techniques are needed to known the most
efficient retrofit for a particular structure
• Proper design codes are needed to be published as code
of practice for professionals related to this field
 REFERENCES
• Agarwal .P and shrikhande M , 2006 , earthquake resistant design of structures ,
2nd edition Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
• Cardone D. and Dolce ,2003,seismic protection of light secondary system
through different base isolation systems, journal of earthquake engineering,
7(2),223-250
• Clough, R.W. and Penzien, J. (1993). “Dynamics of Structures”, McGraw-Hill,
New York, U.S.A.
• Huang, Y., Wada, A., Iwata, M., Mahin, S.A. and Connor, J.J. (2001). “Design
of Damage-Controlled Structures” in “Innovative Approaches to Earthquake
Engineering (edited by G. Oliveto)”, WIT Press, Ashurst, U.K., pp. 85-118.
• Marletta, M. (2002). “Vulnerabilità Sismica e Adeguamento di Edifici in
Cemento Armato”, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
• Oliveto, G. and Decanini, L.D. (1998). “Repair and Retrofit of a Six Storey
Reinforced Concrete Building Damaged by the Earthquake in South-East Sicily
on 13th December 1990”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 17,
pp. 57-71