INDONESIA:

The Last Independent Kingdoms and the

Extension of Dutch Rule
Prepared by : Shenny Grace Deligen
Presented by : Majestine Malen Durante
 EAST INDIES
fertile islands where the country’s three and a half
centuries of association began
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The merchant adventurers
of Holland: JAN COEN
 a company of English first Dutch
merchants who engaged in trade Governor-General in
with the Netherlands
1618
 they differed little from their fellow
European traders in his region
 achieved control of the trading
because journeys to and from the
Indies were so hazardous that port of Jakarta in West Java and
generally only criminals and others built there a strong fortress and a
of desperate character would take miniature Dutch town called
the risks. BATAVIA
BATAVIA (Miniature Dutch town )
● Holland’s ancient name
● rows of small white
houses huddled close
together along the banks
of muddy canals, with
their brown-tiled roofs,
lead-light windows and
heavy shutters, were
inspired by a keen
homesickness for the
Netherlands
DUTCH vs ENGLISH
The English
In 1623 disappeared
killed few English traders and from the Indies, except for a
their Chinese assistants at single post at Bencoolen in
Ambon. Sumatra.
1 3
2 British East India
4
Jan Coen
Company
used a mixture of
persuasion and force to was not interested enough to
secure a monopoly on finance a lengthy war so
this trade
 COEN’S RULE
 Coen’s expedition is one of the horrifying incidents of colonial
history.
 The Dutch applied rigid controls on the economy of the islands
They forced the local people to cut down and burn their trees, until
spice production had fallen to a quarter of the former crop.
 Villagers who resisted were ruthlessly hunted down and shot, and
their homes burned
 Fifteen thousand were killed, and the survivors were forced to grow
the spices for the Dutch.
 INDONESIAN KINGDOMS
MATARAM  Led by Sultan Agung
 Capital in Central Java where The last major Indonesian state
prior to the colonial period was based
>Followed the traditions of Majapahit

SIMILARITIES OF MATARAM AND MAJAPAHIT

MAJAPAHIT 1.king’s guard, composed of women armed with spears and lances
2.sacral role of the king (intermediary between the people and
worshipped forces of nature)
NOTE:
listed are
led by Hindu-Javanese families who had fled from
BALI Majapahit, maintained a well-organized opposition to both
only 3 of
many
Mataram and the Dutch, keeping their own island and the small kingdoms
enclave on Java independent of
Indonesia
Indonesian map

MAHAPAJIT Bali
MATARAM
Central Java
 LIFE OF A SULTAN

surrounded by
Sultan was above possess sacred weapons, such
magic and as swords, that could make
and beyond the law mystery him invulnerable

spend nights near the had absolute was expected to live

graves of his ancestors,
powers of life in a more
gathering magical
influence and death extravagant way
 PALACE COMPLEX OF
KRATON MATARAM
 the palace complex of Mataram where
the aristocrats, made up of princes of
the royal house and associate states live
with the king.
 rambling collection of red-brick, stone
and timber buildings, gardens, pavilions
and courtyards
 region around the kraton was intensely
cultivated, with hill after hill built up
into a complex of terraced, irrigated rice
fields.
 peasants were taxed and sweated to
support the kraton
 MATARAM AND
DUTCH
 The rulers of Mataram did not regard the Dutch as
superiors, or even as equals. Initially they were welcomed
because competition between them and the Portuguese
drove up spice prices.
 However, the sultan treated the Dutch with contempt,
because they were merchants, and forced them to wait for
hours in the hot sun.
 The relationship between the company and the state of
Mataram began to change when Van Diemen and Agung
died in the same year
Anthony Van Diemen
 third Governor-General of the Dutch
Indies
 He consolidated power with Sultan Agung
 He captured Malacca from the Portuguese
and removed the British from the region.
 As a result, Holland became the dominant
trading power in the Indies.
 Sultan Agung Amangkurat Amangkurat II
Outstanding leader 1623
Agung’s son

50% 25%

 Made Mataram large and powerful.

 Regard himself as successor to the great • less formidable man has weak character and was
rulers of Majapahit, even though he was a than his father. easier to influence
• Became dependent on the Dutch army helped him to
Muslim
 He ruled all of Java except for small areas at the company for much restore his power and in
the eastern and western tips of the island of his personal income return, they got more
control of the Mataram
empire.
LIFE AND
DECLINE OF
END OF
DUTCH
•The rulers and the aristocracy remained
in their traditional positions
•The nobles became ‘regents’,
responsible for exacting a certain amount
of tax from the peasants, which they had
to pass on to the company
•No attempt was made to develop a
basic education system of any
consequence, nor to train Indonesians
in the professions.

•Malaria caused a high death rate

among the Dutch settlers.
•The large numbers of Chinese who
had settled in Indonesia now became
increasingly influential.
•The Dutch East India Company
gradually deteriorated.
•The Chinese made money but,
increasingly, the company did not.

•Holland imposed on the Indies the

cultivation system, requiring the
planting of one-fifth of all agricultural
land in a crop
•The prosperity of the islands
diminished, and over the next century
the population of Ambon declined by a
third.
•Finally the trees were successfully
grown in India and the Dutch
monopoly ended
THANK YOU!