ACCOUNTING

THEORY

PERTEMUAN 2

Accounting Theory Construction

&
Methodology of Accounting
SELAMAT DATANG

Ini adalah mata kuliah Teori Akuntansi dengan topik:

Accounting Theory Construction

&
Methodology of Accounting
Dosen :
Sri Saraswati

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 CAPAIAN KUIS/LATIHAN

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POKOK BAHASAN

Accounting Theory Construction

&
Methodology of Accounting
 CAPAIAN
Mampu mendefinisikan akuntansi secara umum dan memahami akuntansi
berdasarkan teori terkait dari berbagai perpektif
 BAHASAN
1. Overview of Accounting Theory
2. Accounting in Different View
3. Structure of Accounting Theory (Rules, Principles, Assumption)
4. Syntatic Theory in Accounting
5. Semantic Theory in Accounting
6. Normative Theory in Accounting
7. Positive Theory in Accounting
BAHASAN 1 : Overview of Accounting Theory

What is Accounting Theory?

BAHASAN 1 : Overview of Accounting Theory
 BAHASAN 2 : Accounting in Different View
ACCOUNTING IS AN ART OR SCIENCE?

ACCOUNTING IS AN ART

• Art refers to the methods of doing work in a systematic manner to attain specified objectives. Art
requires some kind of skills and knowledge and practice

ACCORDING TO AICPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants)

“Accounting is art of recording, classifying, summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of
money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character and interpreting the
results thereof.”
BAHASAN 2 : Accounting in Different View

ACCOUNTING IS AN ART OR SCIENCE?

ACCOUNTING IS A SCIENCE
BAHASAN 2 : Accounting in Different View

Accounting is Both Science and Art

BAHASAN 3 : STRUCTURE OF ACCOUNTING THEORY (Rules, Principles, Assumption)
BAHASAN 3 : STRUCTURE OF ACCOUNTING THEORY (Rules, Principles, Assumption)

3 Rules of Accounting
BAHASAN 3 : STRUCTURE OF ACCOUNTING THEORY (Rules, Principles, Assumption)
 BAHASAN 3 : STRUCTURE OF ACCOUNTING THEORY (Rules, Principles, Assumption)

What is The Accounting Principles?

Accounting Principles are the rules and guidelines
followed by the different entities to record, to prepare
and to present the financial statements of the
company for presenting true and fair picture of those
financial statements.
BAHASAN 3 : STRUCTURE OF ACCOUNTING THEORY (Rules, Principles, Assumption)
 BAHASAN 3 : STRUCTURE OF ACCOUNTING THEORY (Rules, Principles, Assumption)
6 basic accounting principles:
• Accrual Principles = records accounting transaction in the same period it happens, not when the
cash flow was earned.
• Consistency principle = it should keep following the same principle until a better accounting
principle is found out.
• Conservatism principle = encourages the accountant to report greater liability amount, lesser
asset amount, and also a lesser amount of net profits.
• Going concern principle = company would go on operating for as long as it can in the near or
foreseeable future. A company may defer its depreciation or similar expenses for the next period
of time.
• Matching principle = a company recognizes and records revenue, it should also record all costs
and expenses related to it
• Full disclosure principle = a company should disclose all financial information to help the readers
see the company transparently
BAHASAN 3 : STRUCTURE OF ACCOUNTING THEORY (Rules, Principles, Assumption)

Accounting Assumptions
Accounting assumptions are the foundation of the accounting
framework. They are generally accepted practices and customs which
have been agreed and adopted by the accounting industry over time.
• Money unit – accounting is only concerned with money transactions.
• Business entity or Economic entity – the business is separate from
the owner.
• Going concern – assume the business will continue for the long term.
• Time period – The business reports its financial activities over a fixed
time period usually annually.
BAHASAN 4 : SYNTATIC THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

Over View
Theory Accounting Contruction
BAHASAN 4 : SYNTATIC THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

Accounting Theory Construction

BAHASAN 4 : SYNTATIC THEORY IN ACCOUNTING
BAHASAN 4 : SYNTATIC THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

Parts Of A Theory
BAHASAN 4 : SYNTATIC THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

What is Syntatic Theory in Accounting

BAHASAN 5 : SEMANTIC THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

What is Semantic Theory in Accounting

BAHASAN 5 : SEMANTIC THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

Pragmatic Theory
BAHASAN 6 : NORMATIVE THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

What Is Normative Accounting

BAHASAN 6 : NORMATIVE THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

Concentrated on Driving
BAHASAN 6 : NORMATIVE THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

Decision Process In Normative Theory

In Accounting
BAHASAN 7: POSITIVE THEORY IN ACCOUNTING
 BAHASAN 7: POSITIVE THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

POSITIVE THEORY ACCOUNTING (PAT)

BAHASAN 7: POSITIVE THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

Three Hypothesis of PAT

 BAHASAN 7: POSITIVE THEORY IN ACCOUNTING

Three Hypothesis of PAT

1. Bonus Plan Hypothesis
All other things being equal, managers of firms with bonus plans are more likely to choose accounting
procedures that shift reported earnings from future periods to the current period

2. Debt Convenant Hypothesis

All other things being equal, the closer a firm is to violation of accounting-based debt covenants, the
more likely the firm manager is to select accounting procedures that shift reported earnings from future
periods to the current period

3. The Political Cost Hypothesis

All other things equal, the greater the political costs (taxes, regulations) faced by a firm, the more likely
the manager is to choose accounting procedures that defer reported earnings from current to future
periods
 VIDEO ANIMASI

• Klik Link berikut:

 KUIS/LATIHAN

 Pengisian kuis dilakukan dengan menggunakan Moodle

 LINK

• https://www.ifrs.org
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/5185360
 KESIMPULAN

1. Accounting theory is a set of assumptions, frameworks, and methodologies used in the study and
application of financial reporting principles. The study of accounting theory involves a review of both the
historical foundations of accounting practices, as well as the way in which accounting practices are
changed and added to the regulatory framework that governs financial statement and financial reporting.
2. Accounting principles are the rules and guidelines that companies must follow when reporting financial
data. The Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) issues a standardized set of accounting principles in
the U.S. referred to as Generally Accepted Accounting Principel (GAAP).
3. Accounting Theory construction consists of Syntactic approach – logical argument, based on a set of
premises. Semantic approach – concern with the way theories correspond to real-world events.
Normative approach – based on semantic and syntactic. Positive approach – test hypotheses against actual
events.
4. Positive Accounting Theory tries to make good predictions of real world events and translate them to
accounting transactions. While normative theories tend to recommend what should be done, Positive
Theories try to explain and predict
 PUSTAKA

BUKU UTAMA

1. Belkaoui, A.R. Accounting Theory 5th Edition. 1981

2. Godfey, J., Hodgson, A., Tarca, A., Hamilton, J., Holmes, S.
Accounting Theory 7th Edition. Wiley 2010
3. Hendriksen, E.S. Accounting Theory . 1982
4. Scott, W. R. Financial Accounting Theory 7th Edition. Pearson 2015
TERIMAKASIH