MPLE7113

Advanced Investigation
Techniques
TOPIC: EVIDENCE MANAGEMENT
BRIBERY: EVALUATION ON THE EVIDENCE
MANAGEMENT.
Team members

• 1. Razmy bin Baharuddin -

202209050141
• 2.Hasnizam bin Mohammad -
202209050139
• 3.Mohd Yuzaini bin Yaakub-
202209050133
• 4.Siti Zaidah bt Azmi-202209050158
• 5. Nor Faezah bt bt Hassan –
202209050134
• 6. Aimi Adilah bt Kamaruddin –
202209050135
• 7. Susi Marleena bt Ahmad Haizan -
202209050216
INTRODUCTION
• Evidence management is the coordination and control of
evidence about an event so that it can be used to prove what
happened and so that independent parties can test this proof
with confidence that the evidence given is the evidence
collected about the event.
• Managing evidence is a key part of closing cases in law
enforcement.
• Evidence management is a key part of how criminal cases
turn out.
• If any of the above parts of managing evidence fail when it
comes to the evidence needed for a prosecution, it can hurt the
outcome of the prosecution.
 Corruption is when people in power act in a dishonest or dishonest way,
usually by taking bribes.

Bribery and
corruption

Bribery is when you offer, give, or receive something of value with the goal of
getting someone to do something or as a reward for doing something. It's
important to know that a dishonest act has happened even if:

Someone gives permission or

Bribery is unsuccessful. direction for a bribe, but in the end,
no bribe is given or paid.
Gathering evidence
Detection mechanisms: auditing and reporting
There are many ways to find corruption, but the most common ones are
audits (both internal and external) and reports (by citizens, journalists,
whistle-blowers and self-reporting).

When it makes sense, modern technology like blockchain technology,

smartphone apps, and open data web platforms are thought of as ways to
find corruption.

There are other ways to find corruption, like asset and interest
declarations and sample surveys.
Audits: traditional and
blockchain
• Auditing is used to discover corruption in public and private companies.
• Internal and external audits differ.
• Internal and external audits can reveal corruption.
• In many countries, an external auditor of public institutions is a specialised
government organisation such as a supreme audit institution or national audit
office.
• New technology may make auditing better at detecting corruption.
• Blockchain is one option.
• This technology enables online continuous auditing, which should help detect
and enforce corruption.
• Regular audits are "backward-looking," while a blockchain protocol is a real-
time, continuous audit with more dependability.
Self-reporting

• Self-reporting is another corruption-detection method.

• Some states have rules and incentives to encourage people to
disclose their own corruption.
• Penalty mitigation is a typical inducement to promote self-
reporting of corruption.
• Finding a balance between cooperation's investigative advantages
and prosecuting corrupt actors is one of the obstacles of self-
reporting corruption.
• Many nations have no universal legal need to report corruption,
however securities and corporate law may compel self-reporting.
• Many nations reduce penalties for self-reporting.
• Self-reporting can avoid criminal prosecution and reduce civil
fines in the UK.
• In the U.S., prosecutors are lenient if defendants self-report.
Citizen reporting

• Members of the public can assist uncover corruption by

reporting it through conventional crime-reporting
procedures, such as police.
• Many countries have created direct means for citizens to
report corruption.
• Specialized anti-corruption agencies can set up routes for
reporting wrongdoing.
• New technologies are helping citizen reporting together
with anti-corruption agencies.
• In many nations, internet and smartphone apps let
individuals report corruption.
• I Paid A Bribe in India has approximately 187,000 citizen
reports and 15 million visits as of August 2019.
• Citizens can rate public service management and report
bribe requests.
• The application permitted text message corruption reports.
Journalism and
media reporting
• Journalism and the media expose and fight corruption.

• Corruption reporting "benefits society" and investigative media

"may serve as people' eyes and ears.

• Media reports of corruption can be utilised to obtain more

information and evaluate corruption cases requiring further
investigation.

• The Mossack Fonseca Papers, or Panama Papers, are a well-

known example.

• Free, independent, and ethical media reporting can help discover

corruption.

• Journalists can utilise access to information legislation to discover

corruption.

• Corruption reporting can only be effective if the public trusts the

media.

• If the media wants to expose corruption and enlighten society, it

must adhere to high professional and ethical standards.
Whistle-blowing
• Since corruption can benefit those directly engaged and there are
ways to cover it up, some incidents can only be found if an
insider reveals it.
• This is dubbed "whistle-blowing" because the reporter hopes the
authorities will stop the practise.
• The whistle-blower usually informs a management, executive, or
board member.
• Some organisations have reporting processes.
• If that fails, whistle-blowers may approach regulatory or law
enforcement agencies or the media.
• A analysis of global legislation shows that whistle-blowing is
interpreted differently in different countries.
• Whistleblowing is difficult to translate (a provisional list of
terms in other languages can be found here).Whistleblowing is
not restricted to revealing corruption, but also misbehaviour,
unlawful activities, harassment, malfeasance, and hazards to life,
health, and the environment.
• As more nations embrace whistle-blower laws, the worldwide
discussion regarding acceptable practises and standards grows.
Conclusion

• Once a whistleblower, citizen, company, or journalist reports corruption, it

must be handled appropriately to counteract it.
• This is true whether corruption is prosecuted or handled internally.
• How agencies handle corruption reports affects the present case and
determines whether others will come forward in the future.
• When people decide to expose corruption, they want to be confident their
complaint will be treated seriously and won't endanger them, their families, or
their coworkers.
• Investigating corruption requires gathering evidence.
• Internal or external inquiries are possible (such as a criminal investigation).
• Whether an inquiry is internal or external, it should ensure party safeguards,
confidentiality, and impartiality.