Unit 11

Economic Institutions

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

LEARNING TARGET

At the end of this unit, you should be able to

analyze economic organization and its impacts
on the lives of people in the society.

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VALUES AND ATTITUDES

In this unit, you should be able to do the following:

● Recognize strengths and limitations.

● Build flexibility and resilience to rebound from setbacks.
● Tackle challenges and create opportunities.

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CONTEMPORARY EXPERIENCE

The State of Philippine E-Commerce

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UNIT STIMULUS

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CENTRAL QUESTION

What are the different economic

mechanisms and institutions
that operate in today’s society?

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Lesson 1
Economic Institutions: Reciprocity

Unit 6| Economic Institutions

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

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The Meaning of Reciprocity

Reciprocity refers to the

voluntary giving or taking of
objects without the use of
money, in the hopes that in the
future, they could be given back.

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The Meaning of Reciprocity

A good example of reciprocity is

the Filipino culture of utang na
loob. This is an act of kindness
or favor that is expected to be
given in return.

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Forms of Reciprocity

Sahlins’ Typology

Generalized Reciprocity

Balanced Reciprocity

Negative Reciprocity

Marshall Sahlins
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Forms of Reciprocity

Generalized Reciprocity

– refers to the exchange of goods

and services without a definite
time frame of when the favor
should be returned

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Forms of Reciprocity

Balanced Reciprocity

– refers to the exchange that

occurs between groups or
individuals with the donor
expecting to receive something
of equal or similar value

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Forms of Reciprocity

Negative Reciprocity

– groups try to maximize their

gains while giving as little as
possible

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PERSPECTIVE-AT-WORK

Defining Utang na Loob

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 The Act of Receiving

List the things that you

received from different
institutions in your
community.

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 The Act of Receiving

What I Received Who Gave It to Me What Is Its Use

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Activation The Act of Receiving

1. What is reciprocity as a mode of exchange and

economic institution?
2. What are the benefits of engaging in reciprocity?
3. How does utang na loob relate to reciprocity?

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Stoplight

STOP CONTINUE START

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PHOTO CREDITS
Slide 5: Free photo: ecommerce, selling online, online sales, e-commerce, buy, sell, market is in the public domain via
Hippopx.

Slide 6: Photo of Crowd of People in the Market by Nice Guys is in the public domain via Pexels.

Slide 10: Utang na loob by NCCA official is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via flickr.

Slide 11: Marshall David Sahlins by Elkziz is licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

Slide 14: Bargain by Nick Youngson is licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Picpedia.

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REFERENCES
Alcaraz, Halee Andrea. “‘'Unorganized' distribution of DSWD educational assistance leads to overcrowding.”
Philstar Global. August 20, 2022.
https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/08/20/2203973/unorganized-distribution-dswd-educational-assista
nce-leads-overcrowding
.

Arnaldo, Steph. “‘Utang na loob?’ Filipino family values gone wrong, and how they affect mental health.” Rappler.
January 31, 2023. https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/relationships/filipino-family-values-gone-wrong/.

Bloomenthal, Andrew. 2022. “Ecommerce Defined: Types, History, and Examples.” Investopedia. Accessed on
February 28, 2023. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/ecommerce.asp.

Bureau of Internal Revenue. “Guide to Philippines Tax Law Research.” BIR. Accessed on February 28, 2023.
https://www.bir.gov.ph/index.php/legal-matters/guide-to-philippines-tax-law-research.html

Cervantes, Filane Mikee. 2022. “House pushes for creation of e-commerce bureau.” NEDA. Accessed on February
28, 2023. https://governance.neda.gov.ph/house-pushes-for-creation-of-e-commerce-bureau/.

CNN Philippines. PH ranks 2nd happiest country in Southeast Asia in 2022 World Happiness Report. CNN
Philippines. March 21, 2022.
https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/3/21/philippines-second-happiest-southeast-asia-.html.
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REFERENCES
Department of Social Welfare and Development. 2019. “Citizen’s Charter (1st Edition).” DSWD. Accessed on
February 28, 2023. https://www.dswd.gov.ph/files/DSWDCCExt.pdf.

Department of Social Welfare and Development. 2022. “DSWD vows for stronger implementation of social
protection programs in 2023.” DSWD. Accessed on February 28, 2023.
https://www.dswd.gov.ph/dswd-vows-for-stronger-implementation-of-social-protection-programs-in-2023/.

Gimena, Aleli Carissa D. 2019. “‘Revisiting the TRAIN Law.” P&A Grant Thornton. Accessed on February 28, 2023.
https://www.grantthornton.com.ph/insights/articles-and-updates1/lets-talk-tax/revisiting-the-train-law/.

Gundran, Angelo Miguel P., et. al. “THE CONCEPT OF UTANG NA LOOB IN THE PHILIPPINES: UTANG NA LOOB
SCALE”. Antorcha 8, No. 1, 2022: 2-9. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=17184.

International Trade Administration. July 25, 2022. “E-commerce.”

https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/philippines-ecommerce#:~:text=Overview-,Market%20O
verview,with%2017%25%20growth%20through%202025
.

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). 2020. “E-COMMERCE SEEN TO SUSTAIN PH ECONOMY
AND DRIVE GROWTH.” Accessed on February 28, 2023.
https://neda.gov.ph/e-commerce-seen-to-sustain-ph-economy-and-drive-growth/. 21
REFERENCES
National Tax Research Center. 2015. “Where does Your Tax Money Go?”. Accessed on February 28, 2023.
https://ntrc.gov.ph/images/Publications/where-does-your-tax-money-go.pdf

National Tax Research Center. 2018. “Tax Changes You Need to Know: Republic Act No. 10963 Tax Reform for
Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN)”. Accessed on February 28, 2023.
https://ntrc.gov.ph/images/Publications/train/tax-changes-you-need-to-know.pdf.

Parrocha, Azer. “‘DSWD resolving issues in distribution of subsidies.” PNA. April 13, 2020.
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1099695.

Rivas, Ralf. “‘Higher take-home pay in 2023 as TRAIN law slashes personal tax rates anew.” Rappler. December
23, 2022. https://www.rappler.com/business/personal-income-tax-rates-train-law-2023/.

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