Introduction to philosophy; definition, nature and scope, concept, branches

 Origin of Ethics
 Ethics: definition, moral philosophy, nature of moral judgments and reactions.
 Theories of Ethics(Utilitarian Theory,Right Theory & Casuist Theory)
 Benefit of Ethics
 Freedom in ethical discourse
Introduction to philosophy; definition, nature and scope, concept,
branches
 Origin of Ethics
 Ethics: definition, moral philosophy, nature of moral judgments
and reactions.
Meaning of Philosophy
• The word philosophy literally means love of wisdom. It is derived from
two Greek words i.e. 'phileo' (love) and 'Sophia' (wisdom).
• According to a tradition, Pythagoras was the first to describe himself
as a philosopher.
• He speaks of three classes of people, attending the festal games:
those who seek fame by taking part in them; those who seek gain by
plying their trade; and those who are content to be spectators.
• Philosophers resemble the third class: spurning both fame and profit,
they seek to arrive at the truth by contemplation.
• Oxford Dictionary defines philosophy as "that department of
knowledge which deals with ultimate reality, or with the most general
causes and principles of things."
• Aristotle considers philosophy as "the first and last science"—the first
science because it is logically presupposed by every other science, the
last because deals with reality in its ultimate principles and causes.
• He defines it as follows: "There is a science which investigates being
as being, and the attributes which belong to this in virtue of its own
nature. Now this is not the same as any of the so-called special
sciences, for none of these treats universally of being as being. They
cut off a part of being and investigate the attribute of this part"
(Metaphysics 1003a18-25).
• Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems
such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values,
reason, mind and language.

• Philosophy is the rational attempt to formulate, understand

and answer fundamental questions.
Morality
• Morals are the welfare principles enunciated by the wise people,
based on their experience and wisdom. They were edited, changed or
modified or evolved to suit the geography of the region, rulers
(dynasty), and in accordance with development of knowledge in
science and technology and with time.
• Morality is concerned with principles and practices of morals such as:
(a) What ought or ought not to be done in a given situation?
(b) What is right or wrong about the handling of a situation? And
(c) What is good or bad about the people, policies, and ideals involved?

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