Passive Devices and

Components
Microwave Devices
• Power dividers and directional couplers are passive microwave
components used for power division or power combining.
• In power division, an input signal is divided into two (or more) output
signals of lesser power.
• While a power combiner accepts two or more input signals and
combines them at an output port.
Microwave Junctions
• At a certain position in a waveguide system, many times it becomes
necessary to split all or part of the microwave energy into particular
directions.
• This is achieved by waveguide or in general microwave junctions.
• Alternately the same junctions may be used to combine two or more
signals.
H-Plane Tee

• An H-Plane Tee junction is formed by cutting narrower dimension of

main waveguide and attaching a side arm.
• The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called collinear
ports i.e., Port1 and Port2, while the new one, Port3 is called as Side
arm or H-arm.
• This H-plane Tee is also called as Shunt Tee.
• As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the magnetic field, this
junction is called H-Plane Tee junction.
• This is also called as Current junction, as the magnetic field divides
itself into arms.
Properties of H-Plane Tee

• The properties of H-Plane Tee can be defined by its [S] matrix.

• It is a 3×3 matrix as there are 3 possible inputs and 3 possible
outputs.
Properties of H-Plane Tee

• Scattering coefficients S13 and S23 are equal here as the junction is
symmetrical in plane.
• From the symmetric property, S12=S21, S23=S32 & S13=S31
• The port is perfectly matched S33=0
Properties of H-Plane Tee

• H-Plane tee acts as a 3dB power splitter. Power fed at port 3 is equally
• divided in port 1 and port 2.
E plane Tee
• An E-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple waveguide to
the broader dimension of a rectangular waveguide, which already has
two ports.
• The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called collinear
ports i.e., Port1 and Port2, while the new one, Port3 is called as Side
arm or E-arm.
• This E-plane Tee is also called as Series Tee.
E plane Tee
• As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the electric field, this junction
is called E-Plane Tee junction.
• This is also called as Voltage or Series junction. The ports 1 and 2 are
180° out of phase with each other.
Properties of E-Plane Tee
• It is a 3×3 matrix as there are 3 possible inputs and 3 possible
outputs.
• The port is perfectly matched : S33=0
• Scattering coefficients S13 and S23 are out of phase by 180° with an
input at port 3.
S23=−S13
E-H Plane (Hybrid or Magic) Tee Junction
• E_H plane Tee is formed by cutting width and breadth of rectangular
waveguide & attaching another waveguides.
• Four port hybrid junction gives power dividing property of both E and
H plane tee.
• Port 3 and Port 4 are isolated: S34 = S43 = 0
• If ports 3 and 4 are perfectly matched then we have S33 = S44 = 0
E-H Plane (Hybrid or Magic) Tee Junction
E-H Plane (Hybrid or Magic) Tee Junction
E-H Plane (Hybrid or Magic) Tee Junction
E-H Plane (Hybrid or Magic) Tee Junction
E-H Plane (Hybrid or Magic) Tee Junction

• When power is fed into port 1, nothing comes out of port 2 even
though they are collinear ports.
• Hence port 1 and 2 are called isolated ports.
• No output at collinear ports hence magic.
• Equal inputs at port 3 and 4 gives output at port 1 in phase and in
equal magnitude.
• That is equal input at ports 1 and 2 results in an output at port 3 and
no output at ports 1, 2 and 4.
APPLICATIONS OF MAGIC TEE

• A magic tee has several applications. A few of them have been

discussed here.
• Impedance Measurement
Magic T as a Duplexer
Directional Coupler
• A Directional coupler is a device that samples a small amount of
Microwave power for measurement purposes.
• The power measurements include incident power, reflected power,
VSWR values, etc.
• Directional Coupler is a 4-port waveguide junction consisting of a
primary main waveguide and a secondary auxiliary waveguide.
Properties of Directional Couplers:

• All the terminations are matched to the ports.

• When the power travels from Port 1 to Port 2, some portion of it gets coupled to Port 4
• but not to Port 3.
• As it is also a bi-directional coupler, when the power travels from Port 2 to Port 1, some
• portion of it gets coupled to Port 3 but not to Port 4.
• If the power is incident through Port 3, a portion of it is coupled to Port 2, but not to
Port
• 1.
• If the power is incident through Port 4, a portion of it is coupled to Port 1, but not to
Port 2
Properties of Directional Couplers:

• Port 1 and 3 are decoupled as are Port 2 and Port 4

Magic T as a Mixer
Three-Port Networks (T-Junctions)
• The simplest type of power divider is a T-junction, which is a three-
port network with two inputs and one output.
• The scattering matrix of an arbitrary three-port network has nine
independent elements.
• If all ports are matched, then Sii = 0, and if the network is reciprocal,
the scattering matrix
Three-Port Networks (T-Junctions)
• If the network is also lossless, then energy conservation requires that
the scattering matrix satisfy the unitary properties.
Circulator
• If the three-port network is nonreciprocal, then SijSji, and the
conditions of input matching at all ports and energy conservation can
be satisfied.
• Such a device is known as a circulator, and generally relies on an
anisotropic material, such as ferrite, to achieve nonreciprocal
behavior.
Clockwise circulation Counterclockwise circulation
E-plane tee
• E-plane tee (or E-type T-junction) consists of a section of flanged
waveguide mounted at right angle to the broader wall of main
waveguide.
• The power fed into the input arm splits equally in the other two arms
but these two outputs are 180° out of phase. This tee is also called series
tee.
• If the two signals of equal amplitude and the same phase are fed into
port 2 and port 3 of the series tee, the output at arm one will be zero.
• This tee along with the addition and division of fields at its three ports in
three different cases of inputs is shown in Figure 7.22. For clarity, the
magnetic field lines have been omitted in all the cases shown.
Four-Port Networks (Directional
Couplers)
• The scattering matrix of a reciprocal four-port network matched at all
ports has the following form:
Four-Port Networks (Directional
Couplers)
Four-Port Networks (Directional
Couplers)
• If S14 = S23 = 0, which results in a directional coupler.