Course Code : CHEM 1101

Course Title : Chemistry

Department : CSE

Presented by group (8):

01 ID: 1567 02 ID: 1546

Maksudul Hasan Pranto Shariya Tinney

03 ID: 1573 04 ID: 1539

Labiba Siddika Shahajalal Mahmud
 Outline

 Chemical equilibrium
 Le Chatelier's Principle
 Reversible and irreversible reactions
 Ionic product of water and pH
 Dissociation constant of weak acid and weak base
 Buffer solution
 pH of the Buffer solution
 Introduction

 Dynamic balance in a chemical reaction.

 Rates of forward and reverse reaction are equal.

 Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.

 Equilibrium constant and Le Chatelier’s principle are fundamental

concepts.
 Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium
4

 Chemical Equilibrium: A state of balance in which the rate of a forward

reaction equals the rate of the reverse reactions and the concentrations of products
and reactants remain unchanged.

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

Rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal.

Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time.
 Chemical Equilibria
5

 We have the gaseous reactants I2 and H2. They undergo a synthesis reaction to
form HI:

H2 + I2 → 2HI

 HI accumulates and decompose to I2 and H2 :

2HI → H2 + I2

 Eventually the rate of the forward reaction equals

the rate of the reverse reaction.
 The conditions for chemical equilibrium
6

The System Must be

Closed.

The Rates of the

Conditions for forward reaction
Equilibrium equals the rate of
reverse reactions.

The amount of
reactants and products
must be constant.
 Static vs. Dynamic
7

 There are two types of equilibrium:

1.Static equilibrium
2.Dynamic equilibrium

Static equilibrium: No motion.

Dynamic equilibrium: Motion with no net change

Note: A chemical equilibrium is an example of a dynamic equilibrium.

 Equilibrium Constant, Keq
8

 Equilibrium Constant, Keq: a number that expresses the relationship between the
amounts of products and reactants present at equilibrium in a reversible chemical
reaction at a given temperature.

aA + bB  cC + dD

[𝐶 ][ 𝐷] products

𝐾 𝑒𝑞=
[ 𝐴][ 𝐵] reactants
 Meaning of Keq:
9

 Keq << 1 , Favors Reactants

 Keq = 1 , Same amount of Reactants and Products
 Keq >>1 , Favors Products
 Kc and Kp
10

: :

[aA + bB  cC + dD] ]

Coefficient
Concentration Partial pressure

Relation Between : []
 Writing an Equilibrium Constant Expression (Kc)
11
Set up your Kc Raise each substance’s
. expression with the concentration to the
Balance the chemical products on the top of a power equal to the
equation. fraction and the substance’s coefficient
reactants on the bottom in the balanced
of a fraction. equation.

Note: Solids (s) and pure liquids (l) are not used in the expression because their concentrations do not change.

CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)

 Writing an Equilibrium Constant Expression (Kc)
12
Set up your Kc Raise each substance’s
. expression with the concentration to the
Balance the chemical products on the top of a power equal to the
equation. fraction and the substance’s coefficient
reactants on the bottom in the balanced
of a fraction. equation.

Note: Solids (s) and pure liquids (l) are not used in the expression because their concentrations do not change.

CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-

(aq)
 Writing an Equilibrium Constant Expression (Kc)
13
Set up your Kc Raise each substance’s
. expression with the concentration to the
Balance the chemical products on the top of a power equal to the
equation. fraction and the substance’s coefficient
reactants on the bottom in the balanced
of a fraction. equation.

Note: Solids (s) and pure liquids (l) are not used in the expression because their concentrations do not change.

CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-

(aq)

𝐾 𝑐 =¿ ¿
 Writing an Equilibrium Constant Expression (Kc)
14
Set up your Kc Raise each substance’s
. expression with the concentration to the
Balance the chemical products on the top of a power equal to the
equation. fraction and the substance’s coefficient
reactants on the bottom in the balanced
of a fraction. equation.

Note: Solids (s) and pure liquids (l) are not used in the expression because their concentrations do not change.

CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-

(aq)

𝐾 𝑐 =¿ ¿
 Writing an Equilibrium Constant Expression (Kc)
15
Set up your Kc Raise each substance’s
. expression with the concentration to the
Balance the chemical products on the top of a power equal to the
equation. fraction and the substance’s coefficient
reactants on the bottom in the balanced
of a fraction. equation.

Note: Solids (s) and pure liquids (l) are not used in the expression because their concentrations do not change.

CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-

(aq)

𝐾 𝑐 =¿ ¿
 PRACTICE
16

1.) H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3-(aq) + H3O+ (aq) 𝐾 𝑐 =¿ ¿

[ 𝐶𝑂 ] [ 𝐶 𝑙 2 ]
2.) COCl2 (g) CO(g) + Cl2 (g) 𝐾 𝑐=
[ 𝐶𝑂𝐶 𝑙2 ]

3.) 2CO(g) C(s) + CO2 (g)

[𝐶 𝑂 2 ]
𝐾 𝑐=
¿¿
 Calculating Kc :
17

Set up your Keq Substitute

Write the balanced
chemical equation. expression. concentrations. And
Calculate!
 Calculating Kc
18
 An aqueous solution of carbonic acid reacts to reach equilibrium as described
below:
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3-(aq) + H3O+ (aq)

The solution contains the following solute concentrations: H2CO3 =3.3 x 10-2 M;

HCO3- = 1.19 x 10-4 M; H3O+ = 1.19 x 10-4 M. Determine the Kc.

𝐾 𝑐 =¿ ¿
 Calculating Kp
19

 The equilibrium constant () for the reaction ,

H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3-(aq) + H3O+ (aq)

is at 25°C. What is the value of at this temperature?

Solution: The relationship between and is :

=
Because T=298 K and n=(2-2)=0, we get
=
=
 Calculating Concentrations from Kc
20

4. Kc for the equilibrium below is 1.8 x 10-5 at a temperature of 25⁰C.

Calculate [NH3] when [NH4+] and [OH-] are 3.5 x 104

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

𝐾 𝑐 =¿ ¿
−4 −4
−5 (3.5 𝑥 1 0 )(3.5 𝑥 10 )
1.8 𝑥 1 0 =
[𝑁 𝐻 3 ]
[NH3] = 6.8 x10-3 M
 Practice
21

1.a. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the following reaction:

COCl2(g) CO(g) + Cl2(g), [CO] = 0.0178 M; [Cl2] = 0.0178 M; [COCl2] = 0.00740
M
b. Are the reactants for products favored?
2.a. If the equilibrium constant is 1.65 x 10-3 at 2027⁰C for the reaction below, what is the equilibrium
concentration of NO when [N2] = 1.8 x 10-3 M and [O2] = 4.2 x 10-3 M.
N2(g) + O2(g) NO(g)
b. Are the reactants for products favored?
3.The equilibrium constant for the decomposition of phosphorus pentachloride to phosphorus
trichloride and molecular chlorine,

is found to be 1.05 at 250°C. If the equilibrium partial pressures of and are 0.875 atm and 0.463 atm,
respectively, what is the equilibrium partial pressure of at 250°C?
Le-Châtelier’s Principle
Le-Châtelier’s Principle

If a chemical reaction is at equilibrium and experiences a change in pressure,

temperature, or concentration of products or reactants, the equilibrium shifts in the
opposite direction to offset the change.

Temperature
Factors affecting Chemical Equilibrium : Pressure
Concentration
Figure : Factors affecting chemical equilibrium
Factors affecting Chemical Equilibrium

1. Effect On Temperature :
A ⇌ B + heat
∆𝑯= −𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒋/𝒎𝒐𝒍
Heat + A ⇌ B
∆𝑯 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒋/𝒎𝒐l+

2. Changing volume/pressure :
Cl2 ⇌ 2Cl

Figure : Changing pressure

Factors affecting Chemical Equilibrium

3. Changing Concentration:

A⇌B

Figure : Effect of concertation on equilibrium

Reversible reaction

 Reversible reactions involve simultaneous conversion of reactants to products

and vice versa.

(g) + (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)

Reactants go
forward to form Products can react
products. back to form
reactants.

Figure : Explaining reversible reaction

Reversible reaction

Conditions of Reversible reaction:

 It should occur in a closed container
 None of the products is allowed to form a precipitate

According to Le Châtelier’s Principle, a reversible reaction is self-correcting.

Suppose there is change in concentration ,temperature or pressure. In that
case, the system will naturally shift towards equilibrium.
 Reversible reaction

Examples :

1. Reaction between hydrogen () and iodine () to produce hydrogen

iodide (HI)

(g) + (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)

2. Nitrogen (reacting with hydrogen () to produce ammonia ()

(g) + 3 (g) ⇌ 2
Irreversible reactions

 The reaction which proceeds only in one direction is called irreversible reaction.

Example:
2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2

Characteristics of irreversible reactions:

 Proceed only in one directions (forward directions).
 Can proceed to completion.
 In an irreversible reaction, G <0.
Ionic product of water and pH
Ionic products of water

_
2H2O (aq) H3O (g) + OH (g)
+

K = [H3O ] [OH ]
+

2
[H2O]

K x [H2O]2 = [H O+] [OH_ ] 2

[H2O] = Constant
3

K w = [H O+] [OH_ ] Ionic products of water

3
 Ionic products of water

K w = [H3O+] [OH-]

K w = (1.0 x 10-7 ) (1.0 x 10-7 ) At 25° C,

[H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7
K w = 1.0 x 10-14

Effect of temperature on Kw :

 Dissociation of water is endothermic

 Increasing temperature increases Kw
 At higher temperature, pH of water will decrease
pH

 The negative logarithm of H+ ions concentration is called pH

Mathematically , pH = -log [H+]

For pure water or a neutral solution at 298K , [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 moles/dm
pH = - log (1.0 x 10-7) = - (-7) log10 = 7

 The pH of pure water is 7.

 If the concentration of [H+] is increased the pH decreases.
 pOH

 The negative logarithm of OH- ions concentration is called as pOH

Again , pOH = -log [OH-]
For pure water or a neutral solution at 298K , [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7 moles/dm
pOH = - log (1.0 x 10-7) = - (-7) log10 = 7
 Neutral pH is 7; acidic pH < 7; basic pH > 7

Figure : pH scale
Relation between pH, pOH and Kw

At 25° C,
K w = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

log Kw = log[H3O+] + log[OH-] = log1.0 x 10-14

-pKw = - pH - pOH = -14

pKw = pH + pOH = 14

 At 25° C, in pure water or in aqueous solution pKw = pH + pOH = 14

Dissociation constant of weak acid and
weak base
 Dissociation Constant
HA (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + A– (aq)
At Equilibrium : (1 – α)C αC αC
+
[H ] [A ] -
αC X αC α2C
Ka = = =
[HA ] (1 – α)C (1 – α)

Ka = α2C

𝛼=
√ 𝑘𝑎
𝐶
𝛼=
1
√𝐶 Oswald's reaction formula
 Acid Dissociation Constant, ka
HA + H 2O ⇌ H 3O + + A–
At Equilibrium,
[H3O+] x [A– ]
Kc =
[HA] x [H2O]
+ –
[H3O ] x [A ] Ka = Kc x [H2O]
Kc x [H2O] =
[HA]

[H3O+] x [A– ]
Ka = Acid Dissociation Constant
[HA]
Acid Dissociation Constant, ka
 The ratio of the concentrations of dissociated ions to the undissociated acid
 Used to quantify the strength of the acid
Higher Ka More [H3O+] Strong acid

Compound Ka Strong acid

Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) 4.93 x 10-10
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) 1.76 x 10-5
Benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) 6.46 x 10-5
Formic acid (HCOOH) 1.77 x 10-4
Salicylic acid (HOC6H4COOH) 1.05 x 10-3
weak acid
Chloroacetic acid (ClCH2CO2H) 1.4 x 10 -3

Figure: Acid dissociation constant at 25° C

 Base Dissociation Constant, Kb
B (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ BH+ (aq) + OH– (aq)
At Equilibrium,
[H3O+] x [A– ]
Kc =
[HA] x [H2O]
+ –
[H3O ] x [A ] Kb = Kc x [H2O]
Kc x [H2O] =
[HA]

[H3O+] x [A– ] Base Dissociation Constant

Kb =
[HA]
 Base Dissociation Constant, Kb
 The ratio of dissociated moles to the total moles per liter in an aqueous solution
 Used to quantify the strength of the base
Higher Kb More [A– ] Strong base

Compound Kb Strong base

Acetamide (CH3CONH2) 2.5 x 10-13
Aniline (C6H5NH2) 7.4 x 10-10
Pyridine (C5H5N) 1.7 x 10-9
Ephedrine (C10H15ON) 1.32 x 10-4
Methylamine (CH3NH2) 4.38 x 10-4
weak base
Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH 5.4 x 10-4
Figure: Base dissociation constant at 25° C
Relation between Ka and Kb

 Relationship between dissociation constants for Base-conjugate acid pair :

[H3O+] x [A– ] x [H3O+] x [A– ]

Ka x Kb=
[HA] [HA]

Ka x Kb= [H3O-] [OH-]

Ka x Kb= Kw
Buffer Solution
 Buffer solution resists pH changes
 Stable pH in the presence of acid or base
 Maintains pH equilibrium

Types of Buffer solution :

1. Acidic Buffer : A weak acid and its conjugate base
Example :
-
H2PO4 + HPO42-
2. Basic Buffer : A weak base and its conjugate acid
Example :
-
H2PO4 + HPO42-
Acidic Buffer Solution
_
CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ H3O (aq) + CH3COO (aq)
+

[CH3COO- ] [H3O+] [acid ]

Ka = log[H3O ] = logKa + log
+
[CH3COOH] [salt]
[acid ]
[CH3COOH] -pH = -pKa - log
[H3O+] = Ka x [CH3COO- ] [salt]

[acid ]
[acid ] pH = pKa + log
[H3O ] = Ka x
+ [salt]
[salt]
 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
 Acidic Buffer Solution

 Contains a weak acid and its conjugate base

 Buffer capacity resists pH changes upon addition of acid or base

(OH-) is added H 2O

CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ H+ + CH3COO- (aq)

CH3COONa (aq) ⇌ Na+ + CH3COO- (aq)

(H+) is added CH3COOH

Figure: Working process of acidic buffer solution
Basic Buffer Solution
_
NH4OH (aq) + ⇌ NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) +

_
NH4Cl (aq) + NH4 (aq) + Cl (aq)
+

(H+) is added H 2O

_
NH4OH (aq) ⇌ OH + NH4+ (aq)

_
NH4Cl (aq) ⇌ Cl + NH4+ (aq)

(H+) is added NH4OH

Figure: Working process of basic buffer solution
Conclusions

Explored chemical equilibrium dynamics

Used Le Chatelier's principle to predict shifts

Uncovered the importance of pH and buffers

Empowered to understand and manipulate reactions

Applied knowledge to water's behavior and life's balance

Emphasized that equilibrium is a dynamic symphony

 References

1. Dr. S.K.S. Hajari and professor H. Nag (2022).Chemistry. Hasan book house ,Dhaka.
2. Atkins, P., & de Paula, J. (2018). Atkins' Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press.
3. Silberberg, M. S. (2017). Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change.
McGraw-Hill Education.
4. Chang, R. (2013). Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Education.