Narration

Direct Indirect
Why is it also called direct Indirect
• He says , “I am ill” (direct)

• He says that he is ill. (Indirect)

2 Parts

Reporting speech (Sp-I) Reported Speech (Sp-II)

He says , “I am ill”
 Basic Rule
• Major changes are made in Sp-II according to Sp-I

He says , “I am ill” He says that he is ill.

Pronoun change
First Person (sp-II) 2nd Person(Sp-II) 3rd Person (Sp-II)
I,We (sub) You as subject He. She ,It, They (Subjective)
You Object His, Her ,its, Their (possessive)
me,us (obj ) Your Possessive Him, her, it, Them (objective)
my,our (poss.)

Subject of Speech I Object of Sp-I No Change

Ist person change of Sp-II
• He says , “we are ill” He says that they are ill.

• you say, “I am ill” You say that you is ill.

• (Number, gender and Case of the Pronoun of sp-II remains same but
their personal pronoun category is determined on the basis of the
subject of Sp-I
 2nd person change of Sp-II
• You say to me, “you are ill.” You say to me that I am ill.

• You say to him, “I am your brother.” You say to him that you are his brother.

• If there is no object in Sp-I

 If there is no object in Sp-I

•You (subject) I
•Your My
•You (object) Me
• He says, “you are ill.” he says that I am ill.
• They say, “I teach you.” They say that he teaches me.
3rd person change of Sp-II
• 3rd Person
• He. She ,It, They
• His, Her ,its, Their
• Him, her, it, Them

• There will be no Pronoun Change in Sp-II

• You say, “he is ill.” You say that he is ill.

• I say, “they are her brothers”

• I say that they are her brothers

2
Tense Change
Narration 2nd major Change
Tense Change
• If there is present or future tense in speech-I, there will be no tense
change in Sp-II.

• He says, “they are coming.” He tells that they are coming.

• +, “…”
• He will say, “they had come.” He will tell that they had come.

• Present or future = +
• Past Tense = -( x,y, -x) = -x,-y,x
Tense Change
• If there is Past Tense in Sp-I

• All Present of Speech-II will be changed in the past form of same tense.
4

• All Past Tenses of Speech-II will be changed.

• All future Tenses of Speech-II will be converted into past form

 Present of Speech-II will be changed into
respective Past
1. Present indefinite Past Indefinite

• He said, “they come.” He told that they came.

-, “…”
2. Present Continuous Past Continuous

• He said, “they are coming.” He told that they were coming.

• He said ,” they have come”. He told that they had come.

• He said ,” they have been coming”. He told that they had been coming.
• He tells me, “you live in your country with my friends who bless me
and you .
• He tells me that i live in my country with his friends who bless him
and me.

• He said, “they have been coming.” He said/told that they had

been coming.
If you have Past Tense in Sp-II
• Past Tense in Sp-I
• He said,” they came.” he said that they had come.
• He says,” I came .”
• He said,” they were coming.” he told that they had been coming.

• He said,” they had been coming.” he told that they had been coming

• He said, “they had come”.

• He said that they had come.
If we have future in Sp-II
• If there is past tense in sp-I

• Will/shall would

• He said ,” you will leave tomorrow.” He told that I would leave

the next day.
• He said, “you will leave.” he said/told that I would

• He said, “I shall leave.” he told that he would leave

Pronoun Change
• He says, “you are my brother but I am so useless that I could not
respect you as elder brother and hurt your ego so much.”

• He says that I am his brother but I is so useless that he could not

respect me as elder brother and hurt my ego so much.”
• He said, “ I am your brother but my friends always give you bad
impression about upcoming events related to me, we shall be
perished.”
• he said that he is my brother but his friends always give me bad
impression about upcoming events related to him, they shall be
perished.

• he said that he was my brother but his friends always gave me bad
impression about upcoming events related to him, they would be
perished.
• He told , “they came.” he told that they had come.

• He told, “they were coming.” he told that they had been coming.

• He told,” they had come”.

• He told,” they had been coming”. He told that they had been coming
• He said that he was my brother but his friends always gave me bad
impression about upcoming events related to him, they would be
perished.
• Blues (pronoun change)
• Green( Tense Change)
• Few words change like this into that etc
• He said, “you are my brother but I am so useless that I could not
respect you as elder brother and hurt your ego so much.”

• He says that I was his brother but he was so useless that he could not
respect me as elder brother and hurt my ego so much.
Kinds of Sentences & their Changes
1. Assertive / Affirmative /Declarative
2. Interrogative
3. Exclamatory
4. Imperative
Assertive / Affirmative /Declarative
• Any information
• Statement

• She said , “You are a student.” she said that I was a student.
• He said, “You are not a student.” he said that I was not a student.
Interrogative
• It wont take “that “You are a student. Are you a student?

1. Are you going? ( If/whether) instead of that to replace “”

• He said , “ are you going?” He asked if I was going.

2. Where are you going? ( where) instead of that to replace “”

• He said, “where are you going?” he asked where I was going.

• Turn the remaining part after if or where into assertive sequence.

• He said to his brother, “ Are you crazy?”
• He asked his brother if he was crazy.

• They said to their friends “ Will they be able to finish the task assigned
by you?’’
• They asked their friends whether they would be able to finish the task
assigned by them.

• She said to her sister,” when will you complete the activity?”
• She asked her sister when she would complete the activity.
Exclamatory

• He said, “ what a beautiful dress you have!”

• He exclaimed with wonder that I had a very beautiful dress.

• He said , “Hurrah!3 We have won the match.”

• He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
Imperative ( advice, Command Request
Suggestion
• We have to use “to” to replace “”

He said to him, “Please wait here till I return.’’ (Request)

He requested him to wait there till he returned.

“Call the first witness,’’ said the judge. (Order)

The judge commanded/ordered to call the first witness.
• My friend said, “ don’t make the wrong decision.”
• My friend advised me to not make
• My friend suggested me to not make….
• My friend forbade me to make wrong decision.
Universal Truths
• Remain mostly unchanged

• The teacher said, “The earth revolves around the sun.”

• The teacher said that the earth revolves around the sun.
 Change into indirect
• “I’ll have a cup of tea,” my father said, “because I’m not hungry”
• Pamela said, “Man is mortal.”
• He said to me, “How long will you stay here?”
• The man said to the officer, “Please help me.”
• She asked me, “Are you happy in your new job?”
• He remarked, “Two and two makes four.”
• “Don’t waste time”, the teacher said to the students
• John said to his mother, “I shall go to bed now.”
• “You had better not leave your room unlocked”, said my friends.
• “If you don’t keep quiet I shall punish you”, he said to her in a calm
voice.
• The mother said to me, “ you are my only son who listens me, you
always tried to obey me.”

• The mother told me that I was her only son who listened her , I always
had tried to obey her.