Wooden Containers and Pallets

By
SUCHETA B
Environmentally Responsible
Reusable, repairable, recyclable and made from a renewable
resource.
Rigid, durable, functional, safe and cost effective.
Playground mulch, animal bedding and wood stove pellets.

Other Features of Solid Wood Packaging Material

More durable and stronger than many competing products.
Their rigidity makes them more useable in the storage process.
Cost effective, functional and safe.
Readily available
Types of Wood

Group I - softwoods and light

hardwoods, Group II Woods
Group III - intermediate hardwoods
Group IV - the hardest wood
 CONSTRUCTION:

GROUP 1 GROUP2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4

CHESNUT HEMLOCK BLACK ASH OAK
BASSWOOD LARCH BLACK GUM WHITEASH
BUTTERNUT PINE REDGUM BEECH
JACK-PINE TAMRACK SYCAMORE BIRCH
RED WOOD

SOFT WOOD WOODS WHICH INTERMEDIATE HARDEST

AND HARD HAVE BETTER HARD WOODS WOOD
WOOD NAIL HOLDING
POWER
Wooden containers
The strength and efficiency of a container
depend upon the following factors,

Type of wood
Quality of timber
Thickness of sides, tops and bottom, end and
battens
Box/Crate design
Workmanship in construction
Size, type and spacing of nails
Type of edge joints
Form and size of each component
 Wooden containers
Some important properties of wood are
1.Ease of working
Interlocked grain (difficult to plane)
Ease of nailing
Tendency to split
2. Density(Kg/m3)
Higher the density, better the strength and better the
nail holding power.
Generally density bet.350Kg/m3 to 650 Kg/m3 used
3. Bending strength (N/mm2)
 Wooden containers

4. Bending stiffness(N/mm2)

5.Compressive strength (N/mm2)

6. Nail holding power (N/mm nailed depth)

7. Resistance to splitting

8.Resistance to abrasion

9. Resistance to decay
Wooden container

Drying of wood is needed because

1. It prevents decay
2. It prevents shrinkage during use
3. It reduces weight and save freight cost
4. It increases load bearing and most other
strength properties
 Wooden container
Following defects in wood should be avoided

1.Knots – avoid dead knots with width greater than

one third of board width

2. Cross grain

3.Warped board

4. Fungus growth
 Wooden containers

Wood preservatives

1) Type 1 – Oil type

Coal tar creosote
Coal tar
Fuel oil

2) Type 2 – Organic Solvent type

Copper & Zinc napthenates, abietates, Penta chlro
phenol, Benzene hexa chloride, Dichloro Dophenol
Trichloroethane (DDT)
 Wooden containers

3) Type 3 – Water soluble type (Leachable)

Zinc chloride, Boric acid, Borax,

Sodium pentachlorophenate, Sod fluoride

Water soluble fixed type

Copper Chrome arsenic composition,

Zinc meta arsenate, chromated Zinc Chloride
 Quarantine regulations for wood packaging
Treatment Duration
Fumigation with methyl 24 hr
bromide at 2 Kg per 100 m3
air space
Permanent immunization with Min preservative loading
preservative eg CCA depending on product
Dry heat at 74oC 6h
Kiln drying to 14% MC As species requires
Steam at 82oC prior to cold 4h
borate treatment
Immersion in borate soln at
93oC 3.5h
 Wooden cases
Specification for timber species suitable for wooden
packaging IS 6662

Comparative suitability coefficient for packing cases.

(Different timber with respect to the value of Teak as
100)
Group I Comparative suitability Coeffient 95 & above
Group II Comparative suitability Coeff ient 80 & above but
below 95
Group III Comparative suitability Coeffient 70 & above but
below 80
Group IV Comparative suitability Coeffient below 70
 Wooden cases
Guide for selection of species
Mass of contents Group of timber
Kg easy &Average Difficult type
type of load of load
Upto 50 Kg IV III
Over 50 upto 100 III II
Over 100 upto 150 II I
Over 150 upto 250 I I

The battens & internal fittings shall preferably be of the same

species as selected for the shooks of packing cases

For cases with shooks of Gr IV timber, battens will be of Gr

III timber
Specification for wooden cases IS 1503 –
for contents upto 250 Kg

Classes of Packing cases

Thickness of Boards & battens class class class

& width of battens A B C

Thickness of bottom , top & side

Boards 20 15 10

Thickness of end boards 20 20 15

Thickness of battens 20 15 15

Width of battens 60 60 50
The timber used for making
containers should have the following
qualities,

.Strength as a beam
.Shock resisting ability
.Retention of shape
.Sufficient hardness
.Light weight
.Good nail holding power
.Cheap
 TYPES OF WOODEN
CONTAINERS:
1. Nailed boxes
2. Wire land boxes
3. Basket
4. Barrel
5. Crates
6. Pallets containers
Size of Nails Distance between Nails
Side Grain, in. End Grain, in.
3d-6d 2 1¾
7d 2¼ 2
8d 2½ 2¼
9d 2¾ 2½
10d 3 2¾
12d 3½ 3
16d 4 3½
Weight of Contents Class Group of Timber

Upto 25 kg C III
Over 25 upto 50 B III
Over 50 upto 100 B II
Over 100 upto 150 A I
Over 150 upto 250 A I
 1. NAILED BOX:
• Style 1. Used for type 1 and 2
loads.
• Style 2. Loads up to 600
lb(272.2 kg).
• Style 3.loads up to 600
lb(272.2kg).
• Style 4. Two cleats loads 200
lb(90.7kg).
• Style 5. Vertical cleats, loads
up to 200 lb(90kg).
• Style 6. Loads 100 lb(45.4kg).
WIREBOUND BOXES AND
CRATES
 2.WIRE BOUND BOX:
• A rigid container with
closed faces.
• Wires are stappled to
the wood and cleats
are placed at the ends.
• Loads up to 500
lb(2267kg).
Baskets
Barrels
 3. BASKET:
• They can be
continuous stave
basket with round
bottom.
• Continuous stave
basket with flat
bottom.
• Covers are held in
place with loops or
with cross wire.
 4. BARRELS:
• Made in various sizes
from 1 to 6 gal capacity,
from different woods and
many types of
construction.
• Hoops can be steel, wire
or wood and numbers of
hoops can vary.
• Barrels are divided in o
two classes tight barrel to
hold liquids and slack
barrels for dry products.
 5. CRATES:
• A rigid containers of
framed construction which
may have open faces as
well as box faces.
• It may be nailed or
screwed together.
• Steel bands can be used to
reinforce the corners.
• Twine,wire, or good grade
of pressure-sensitive tape
should be used to keep
grilles and covers in place
 PALLETS:
• General group:
1. Expendable: one trip.
2. General purpose:
multipurpose structure.
3. Special purpose; specific
product.
• Two ways of pallet:
1. Two way entry: pick up
from two sides.
2. Four way entry:pick up
from all sides.
 Types of Pallets
•Usage
- One way non returned pallet
- Sturdy Multiple usage pallet
•Style
- Single Deck
- Double Deck
Reversible
Non Reversible
•Design
- Two Way
- Four Way
 PALLETS:
• General group:
1. Expendable: one trip.
2. General purpose:
multipurpose structure.
3. Special purpose; specific
product.
• Two ways of pallet:
1. Two way entry: pick up
from two sides.
2. Four way entry:pick up
from all sides.
 6. PALLET CONTAINERS:
There are three types:
1. Bin, 2.Box, 3.Crates
Bin:
• They have solid side walls, diagonal cleats, mounded on
block pallets.
Box:
• They have solid side walls, vertical cleats, plastic liners
is used.
Crates:
• Side walls with spaces in between, horizontal cleats are
used.
 SPECIFICATION FOR PROCURREMENT OF
WOODBASED BOXES AND CRATES:

• Wood density: high density indicates high

strength.
• Moistures content: normal level is 20% to avoid
shrinkage.
• Types of nails: annular grooved or helically
threaded.
• Timber sizes: choice of right dimension of raw
material.
 APPLICATION:
• Nailed box are applied for light loads, average load and
those loads which tends to shifts and requires high degree
of protection.
• Wire bound box are used for transportation.
• Baskets are used for packaging of fresh fruits and
vegetables .
• Barrels for fruit products and alcoholic beverages.
• Crates are used for packaging of heavy ,bulky and large
items.
• Pallets container for transportation.