Creative Writing

Final Topics
• What is Intertextuality?
• Intertextuality is basically the complex interrelationship between the text
and other text that had taken as a basis for the creation or the
interpretation of the text.
• Intertextuality is a literary device making that uses textual references
within the body of a text.
• Remember that intertextuality is different from allusion, because allusion is
a short and concise reference that the author uses in a written text without
affecting the original storyline. While intertextuality makes use of
references to the full story or the original written text as its backbone.
• Hypertext is an indexed presentation of text or chunks of text in
electronic or digital form accompanied with links to other information
that will or may show another related information.

• It us a tool that binds a portion of text with some other portion of text
mostly thought the use of certain keywords.

• Hypertext works just like bibliography, where you cite all the different
sources you’ve used in researching your book as a subject, even if you
don’t name them directly
• BLOG

A blog refers to an informational

website or online journal that shows
information in an organized manner.

It is a platform where authors or group

of writers showcase their views and
perceptions on an individual subject.
If you primarily want to discover writing fiction or poetry, or want to try writing stories, here are some ideas to
help you get started:

• FOCUS. Writing requires focus. As much as possible, minimize or avoid distractions while working. To be a
notable writer, you have to concentrate. It may sound easy, but a lot of people mostly struggle with having this.
Writers must get in the flow and it happens when he concentrates and becomes fully engaged with what he is
Doing.

• FORMAT. When publishing poems on your blog, having the spacing right is a bit challenging. Observe proper
spacing to avoid misleading messages.

• ADD VISUALS. Although stories and poems are expressed in text, we may choose a perfect image that can hook
the visual interest of the readers.

• ESTABLISH THEME. A great poem can lead the readers to a good writing reflection or discussion which
allows them eventually to construct essential questions and themes for themselves.

• INSPIRE WRITING. Poetry can be an effective vehicle to encourage readers to get into writing.
WORLD LITERATURE
Hebrew Literature

• Hebrew literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern writings in the Hebrew language. It is one of

the primary forms of Jewish literature, though there have been cases of literature written in Hebrew by

non-Jews (Modern Palestinian Literature and Culture, by Ami Elad, 37ff). Hebrew literature was produced

in many different parts of the world throughout the medieval and modern eras, while contemporary

Hebrew literature is largely Israeli literature.

• Literature in Hebrew begins with the oral literature of the Leshon HaKodesh ( ‫)ֶלׁשֹון ֲהקֹוֶד ׁש‬, "The Holy

Language", since very ancient times and with the teachings of Abraham, the first of the biblical patriarchs

of Israel, c. 2000 BCE (Shea, William H. (2000). "Chronology of the Old Testament". In Freedman, David

Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible). Beyond comparison, the most important work of

ancient Hebrew literature is the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh).

• Greek literature refers to writings composed in areas of Greek influence,

throughout the whole period in which the Greek-speaking people have existed.

Ancient Greek literature refers to literature written in Ancient Greek from the

oldest surviving written works in the Greek language until approximately the fifth

century AD and the rise of the Byzantine Empire. At the beginning of Greek

literature are works of Homer, the Iliad, and the Odyssey.

• In the classical period, many of the genres of Western literature became more
prominent. The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. The Classical era also
saw the dawn of drama.

• Two of the most influential historians were Herodotus and Thucydides.

• In the 4th century BC, three philosophers are notable: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Later Greek poetry flourished primarily in the 3rd century BC. During the Roman era,
the physician Galen, in the history of ancient science, is the most significant person in
medicine after Hippocrates.
• Chinese literature extends thousands of years, from the earliest recorded dynastic
court archives to the mature vernacular fiction novels that arose during the Ming
Dynasty to entertain the masses of literate Chinese.

• The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang Dynasty (618–
907) and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the
Song Dynasty (960–1279) rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. In
more modern times, the author Lu Xun (1881–1936) is considered the founder of
baihua literature in China.
• Indian literature refers to the literature produced on the Indian subcontinent
until 1947 and in the Republic of India thereafter. The Republic of India has 22
officially recognized languages.
• All dates about the ancient Indian literature are not only uncertain but are
contested. European scholars from the 18th century onwards estimated the
dates of various texts based on methods that Indian scholars consider arbitrary.
• The earliest works of Indian literature were orally transmitted. Sanskrit literature
begins with the oral literature of the Rig Veda a collection of sacred hymns
dating to the period 1500–1200 BCE.
• Persian literature is one of the world's oldest literature. It spans two-and-a-half millennia, though much of

the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran,

Iraq, the Caucasus, and Turkey, as well as regions of Central Asia where the Persian language has historically

been the national language

• The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the Islamic conquest of

Iran c. 650 CE. After the Abbasids came to power (750 CE), the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats

of the Islamic empire and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian literature arose and

flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana because of political reasons – the early Iranian dynasties such as

Tahirids and Samanids were based in Khorasan.

Iranians wrote in both Persian and Arabic; Persian predominated in later literary circles. Persian
poets such as Ferdowsi, Sa’di, Hafiz, Attar, Nezami, Rumi, and Omar Khayyam are also known in
the West and have influenced the literature of many countries.
• Early works of Japanese literature were heavily influenced by cultural contact
with China and Chinese literature, often written in Classical Chinese. Indian
literature also had an influence through the Diffusion of Buddhism in Japan.

• Eventually, Japanese literature developed into a separate style in its own

right as Japanese writers began writing their own works about Japan,
although the influence of Chinese literature and Classical Chinese remained
until the end of the Edo period. Since Japan reopened its ports to Western
trading and diplomacy in the 19th century, Western and Eastern literature
have strongly affected each other and continue to do so.
• The English language has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The
earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-
Saxon settlers in the fifth century, are called Old English.

• Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England.

• Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing
press to London and the King James Bible as well as the Great Vowel Shift. Through the
influence of the British Empire, the English language has spread around the world since
the 17th century.
• American literature is the literature written or produced in the area of the United States
and its preceding colonies. For more specific discussions of poetry and theater, see Poetry
of the United States and Theater in the United States.

• During its early history, America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the
present-day United States. Therefore, its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader
tradition of English literature. However, unique American characteristics and the breadth of
its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and tradition.
• Italian literature is written in the Italian language, particularly within Italy. It may also refer

to literature written by Italians or in Italy in other languages spoken in Italy, often

languages that are closely related to modern Italian. An early example of Italian literature

is the tradition of vernacular lyric poetry performed in Occitan, which reached Italy by the

end of the 12th century. In 1230, the Sicilian School is notable for being the first style in

standard Italian.
• Dante, one of the greatest Italian poets, is notable for his Divina Commedia. Petrarch did classical research and
wrote lyric poetry. Renaissance humanism developed during the 14th and the beginning of the 15th centuries.
Humanists sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity.

• Early humanists, such as Petrarch, were great collectors of antique manuscripts. Lorenzo de Medici shows the
influence of Florence on the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci wrote a treatise on painting.

• The development of drama in the 15th century was very great. The fundamental characteristic of the era
following the Renaissance is that it perfected the Italian character of its language. Machiavelli and Guicciardini
were the chief originators of the science of history. Pietro Bembo was an influential figure in the development
of the Italian language and an influence on the 16th-century revival of interest in the works of Petrarch.
• Spanish literature generally refers to literature (Spanish poetry, prose, and drama) written in the
Spanish language within the territory that presently constitutes the state of Spain. Its
development coincides and frequently intersects with that of other literary traditions from
regions within the same territory, particularly Catalan literature, Galician literature, and more
recently formal Basque literature.

• In its earliest form, Spanish literature intersects as well with Latin, Jewish, and Arabic literary
traditions of the Iberian Peninsula. The literature of Spanish America is an important branch of
Spanish literature, with its own particular characteristics dating back to the earliest years of
Spain’s conquest of the Americas.
• German literature comprises those literary texts written in the German
language. This includes literature written in Germany, Austria, the German
parts of Belgium and Switzerland, Liechtenstein, South Tyrol in Italy and to a
lesser extent works of the German diaspora.

• German literature of the modern period is mostly in Standard German, but

there are some currents of literature influenced to a greater or lesser
degree by dialects.
• French literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the French language,
particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living
in France who speak traditional languages of France other than French. Literature
written in French language, by citizens of other nations such as Belgium, Switzerland,
Canada, Senegal, Algeria, Morocco, etc. is referred to as Francophone literature. As of
2006, French writers have been awarded more Nobel Prizes in Literature than
novelists, poets and essayists of any other country. France itself ranks first in the list of
Nobel Prizes in literature by country.

• French literature has been for French people an object of national pride for centuries,
and it has been one of the most influential components of the literature of Europe.
The French language is a romance dialect derived from Latin and heavily influenced
principally by Celtic and Frankish. Beginning in the 11th century, literature written in
medieval French was one of the oldest vernacular (non-Latin) literatures in Western
Europe and it became a key source of literary themes in the Middle Ages across the
continent.
Although the European prominence of French literature was eclipsed in part by vernacular
literature in Italy in the 14th century, literature in France in the 16th century underwent a
major creative evolution, and through the political and artistic programs of the Ancient
Régime, French literature came to dominate European letters in the 17th century.

In the 18th century, French became the literary lingua franca and diplomatic language of
western Europe (and, to a certain degree, in America), and French letters have had a
profound impact on all European and American literary traditions while at the same time
being heavily influenced by these other national traditions Africa, and the far East have
brought the French language to non-European cultures that are transforming and adding to
the French literary experience today.