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Engineering College
Electrotechnical Engineering Dep’t

Smart Material And Application Course Assignment 2 15%

Reviewed journal : M Balasubramanian et al 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2054 012078
Prepared by:

No. Student ID No. Student ID

1. ETS 0671/13 5. ETS 0897/13
2. ETS 0567/13 6. ETS 0570/13
3. ETS 0663/13 7. ETS 0615/13
4. ETS 0670/13 8. ETS 0622/13

Submitted to: Mr. Bereket walle January 05, 2024 1

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Application of shape
memory alloys in
engineering – A review

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 Abstract
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Shape Memory Alloy is a smart alloy which retains their original shape under
thermomechanical or magnetic variation. Shape Memory Alloy are widely used in different
engineering field because of its superior properties and variety of application. Recent
research of SMA has been applied in the field of Aerospace, Automotive, Biomedical, and
Robotics. This memory effect is due to the presence of austenite and martensite crystalline
structures. These alloys are bio-compatible, lightweight, and also possess a high force-to-
weight ratio. Due to this SMA actuators are very much suitable for soft robotic applications.
However, due to high cooling times during phase change, SMA has small bandwidth and
low operating frequencies. This alloy can replace a sensor as it performs the same work done
by sensors or transducer. An extensive review of history, material characterization, and
opportunities of SMA in the engineering field. Keywords: SMA; Biomedical; Phase
change; Alloys

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 1.Introduction
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SMA is referred to as a smart alloy that can be deformed and returns to its pre-deformed shape when subjected to temperature change. In
general, SMAs can memorize their earlier form when triggered by a certain stimulus like thermomechanical or magnetic variation. This alloy
is also called to be memory alloy or smart alloy or muscle wire, Figure 1[1] Recent technology demands ‘smart’ systems with intelligent
functions. To be specific, for the automotive industry: increased weight directly results in high fuel consumption resulting in high cost of the
product. SMA offers multiple degree of magnitude when compared to traditional materials. Hence, the requirement in the field of
engineering and applications has increased in consumer products and manufacturing applications. Even though other alloys, low in cost are
available in the market, stability, practicability and thermo-mechanic performance are of concern. Nickel Titanium-based alloys are preferred
more for various applications. Previous studies have showcased the application of this effect in micro-structural mechanisms and various
other engineering fields.

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memory alloy title style

• Shape Memory Alloy has unique characteristics such as memory effect, thermomechanical, and superelasticity.
These alloys are good to memorize the process between two transformation phase that

• is temperature or magnetic field dependent (SME) [3]. Thermomechanical is a property when the smart material is
subjected to large plastic strain, it can recover its original position (shape or size) by applying heat. Super
elasticity is a property that the material is capable to recovers its original form from nonlinear strain
instantaneously upon stress removal or load removal [4].

• Shape memory alloy refers to a type of material that has the ability to return to its original shape after undergoing
deformation when exposed to certain stimuli, such as heat or stress. Common shape memory alloys include nickel-
titanium (NiTi) and copper-aluminum-nickel. These alloys can be bent or deformed at room temperature and, when
heated above a certain temperature, they will revert back to their original shape. This unique property makes shape
memory alloys useful in various applications, including medical devices, aerospace engineering, robotics, and
consumer electronics.
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Historytoofedit
SMA Master title style

•Initially, in 1930 the shape memory effect was identified. A Swedish physicist
by the name, Arne Olander, identified that gold-cadmium alloys were able to
exhibit the effect. Otsuka and Wayman identified the pseudoelastic behavior
of Au-Cd alloy. Similarly, the shape memory effect has observed in materials
like Copper-Aluminium-Nickel alloy in the 1950s. W.Buehler and Wang
explored this effect in a NiTi alloy, which is called as nitinol (Ni-Ti). This
Nitinol alloy was first discovered by the United States Naval Ordinance
Laboratory.

•Since the 1980s, the utility of Ni-Ti alloy has been in many areas due to the
lightweight and more compact nature. In the 1990s, this technology was
introduced in the Shape memory material community [5].

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 Click
Phase to edit Master title
Transformation style
in shape memory alloy
•Shape memory alloy exists with varied crystal structures in two different phases when it is
subjected to some external factor. SMAs have a simple application of deforming by applying force
and recovering to their original shape either heating to a particular temperature or applying a
magnetic field. SMAs can have six-phase transformations (High phase temperature - austenite and
Low phase temperature – Martensite). The transformation happens by shear lattice distortion.
When the Shape Memory alloy is heated, its temperature get increases and after a certain
Figure 2. Phase transformation of SMA
temperature limit, the martensite structure begins to transform into an austenite structure. Change [4].

of structure happens from austenite to martensite upon cooling without the application of an
external factor. The phase change of martensite to austenite is said to be forward transformation.
The austenite to martensite phase transformation is said to be “reverse transformation”. In practical,
these alloys may be produced by electron beam, Vacuum and plasma melting but vacuum melting is considered to be the

best. Transformation begins at A
martensite happens during the
s and ends at Af is the temperature where the transformation is completed. Reversal to
f
cooling process at Ms and ends at M temperature [6].
Figure 1. Crystal structures and
Phases
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Transformation style
in shape memory alloy

In the beginning, the austenite phase starts to deform and changes to twinned
martensite. Application of the load to the materials in the twinned martensitic
phase, enables to reverse and detwin the martensite which causes a change in
shape and the deformed configuration under removal of the applied load (Figure
2). This phenomenon of heating of SMA above Af will result in reverse form
phase change and shape recovery exists and again cooling back to a temperature
below Mf will result again in twinned martensite. This Process of phase
transformation from one phase to another is said to be the Shape Memory Figure 3. Structural change of SMA [7]

Effect, Figure (3-5) [7].

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Transformation style
in shape memory alloy
•According to the effect, SMAs can be categorized into three characteristics. They are 1) Single-way shape
memory effect 2) Double-way shape memory effect 3) Pseudo elasticity.

1. Single-way effect

•The material subjected to deformation will retain its deformed shape under cold condition and gets back to
original shape upon heating.

2. Double-way effect

•Memorizing the form at the top and bottom temperatures are referred to as a double way effect. It provides
partial recovery strain produced by one-way SMAs for the materials under consideration.

3. Pseudo elasticity

•After the application of the mechanical type of loading, SMA gets back to the original shape at various
temperatures of austenite and martensite in the absence of a thermal effect.
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Engineering Master title style
of SMA

The shape memory and pseudo effects are the important properties
to be reviewed and understood nowadays [8]. Initially, the alloy is
in its parent austenitic phase. Removal of stress will result in a
martensitic phase upon cooling in the twinned form. At higher
stress, the martensitic phase is transformed to a fully detwinned
form, which can be observed as large macroscopic strains. Further
heating at lower load, phase change to austenitic phase begins,
reaches As, and ends at Af. Due to inelastic strain, the SMA
regains the original form. Figure 5. Pseudo-elastic
Figure 4. Experimental loading paths.[7]
stress-strain temperature.[7]

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Applications Master
SMA title style

Research around the globe is attempted to improve the areas and

attributes of SMAs, by improving identifying new compositions and

temperature ranges. So, the intensive research work has to continue

for improving fatigue life and stability of SMA. The most widely used

SMA in engineering fields are:-

1) Aerospace application

2) Automotive application
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3) Biomedical application.
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Applications Master
SMA title style

1. Aerospace application
This industry is looking for improved materials and solutions for its
applications. Wind morphing is a practical solution that can be met in
different conditions [9]. Researchers have brought to light both the shape
memory and pseudoelastic effects in solving industrial problems of
aerospace. Implementation of this technology in fixed-wing aircraft,
Figure 7. Boeing variable chevron
rotorcraft, and spacecraft has gained importance. It describes the aerospace [11].

application of alloys and the challenges faced by the designer of such a

system [10].

SMA coupling of hydraulic lines has impressive application in fighter jets,

people gathered their great interest in aerospace application. Some of the
applications are sealers, actuators, vibration-dampers, etc, Figure (6-7).
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Figure 6. SMA airplane wing [1].
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Applications Master
SMA title style

3.2 Automotive application

The application of SMA in the automotive actuator is classified as follows.
1) Low power for comfort
2) high power vehicle control
3) high-frequency control. However, the first category is generally most suitable than
the other two categories. Earlier literature has shown wear resistance and bio-compatible a. Tumble flaps actuator
nature of the alloys are best compared to conventional materials [1].
b. Pop-up bonnet
In recent times, manufacturers are eagerly presenting and implementing SMAs in their c. Micro-scanner system d. Side mirror
actuator Figure 9.
vehicles. The pressure control valve which works under thermal expansion is embedded
in Mercedez-Benz automatic transmissions. Manufacturers like Daimler, Mercedes, and
Benz produced pneumatic valves with SMA for their car seats. The SMAs also referred
as smart composites and it is being utilized in doing multifunctional operations.
Figure 8. Emerging General motors SMA
[15]. 13
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SMA title style

3.3 Bio-Medical
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Application
The application of SMA in the bio-medical field can be categorized into three. 1)
Orthodontic field 2) Orthopedic field 3) Vascular field 4) Neurosurgical field. It was
introduced in the biomedical field in 1975, by Dr. Andreason of Lowa University. The
Usage of Ni-Ti Wires in the buccal cavity at the austenitic phase has been employed for
recent years in dental diagnosis with multi-brackets. These NiTi wires generate an all- Figure 11. SMA orthodontic wires and
distractors.[16]
round force for the brackets for good dental movement. SMAs wire also found
application in Palatal arches. Table 1 illustrates the historical developments of alloys in
the bio-medical field, Figure 11.

Simpon filter was the first ever used vascular instrument in SMA application. NiTi alloys
are also used as a neurosurgical stents. Stents are nets made up of metallic which opens a
stenotic vessel that enables the flow of blood to peripheral tissues. Recently stenotic and
Figure 14. Ni-Ti Neurosurgical stent.[16]
cardiac valves were made of this alloy.
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Year Device

1963 Discovery of nitinol

1971 Othodontic brace

1983 Nitinol stent

2000 Abdominal wall lift

2007 Endoscopic bleeding control device

2008 Thin film microtube and stent

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Conclusion

shape memory alloys (SMAs) are a fascinating and versatile material with numerous applications ranging from
biomedical devices to aerospace engineering. The unique ability of SMAs to undergo a reversible phase
transformation and "remember" their original shape makes them highly desirable for various industries.
Due to their exceptional mechanical properties, shape memory alloys have the potential to revolutionize the
development of smart materials and structures. They can be used to create self-healing components, shape-
changing systems, and adaptive structures that can respond to external stimuli. Furthermore, SMAs offer the
advantage of being lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and highly durable, making them an ideal choice for
demanding applications.
shape memory alloys are an exciting area of materials science and engineering that offer a wide range of
possibilities for innovations and technological advancements. By continuing to explore and refine their
properties, SMAs could play a crucial role in shaping the future of various industries and transforming the way
we design and manufacture materials and structures. 1616
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Magneto-rheological
Fluid (MRF) and
Their practical
Application
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Magneto-rheological Fluids (MRF)
• Magneto-rheological (MR) fluids are smart materials that can
change their rheological properties (flow behavior) in
response to an external magnetic field. These fluids typically
consist of micron-sized magnetic particles suspended in a
liquid carrier. The basic working principle involves applying
a magnetic field to alter the alignment of these particles,
influencing the fluid's viscosity and stiffness.

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Application: Magneto-Rheological (MR) Fluids in Washing machine
• The common household washing machine represents a standard
compromise between controlling vibration associated with the spin cycle
and achieving optimum system performance and efficiency.

• The tub in a conventional machine is suspended by a number of coil

springs that provide mechanical support as well as vibration isolation at
high frequency. To prevent potentially damaging vibratory excursions
when the drum velocity passes through resonance as it accelerates during
the ramp-up to the spin cycle, static vibration dampers are added to the
suspension.

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Application: Master title style
Magneto-Rheological (MR) Fluids in Washing machine
• A variable damping system based on magnetorheological fluid sponges can
help control the vibratory motion of a household washing machine during its
spin cycle. Damping is switched on as the drum passes through resonance
and off again at the highest speeds for optimum vibration isolation. The
system permits the drum to rotate at speeds high enough to function as a
centrifuge, but without the violent shaking familiar to every user.
• Because many households have only a washing machine and not a dryer, tub
speeds are reaching 2000 rpm, effectively becoming centrifuges that remove
almost all the water from the washload. In fact, manufacturers have had to
Figure 1
reduce the size of the drain holes in the tub to prevent extrusion of small
items of clothing during the spin cycle.
• To achieve this level of performance, manufacturers have incorporated a
controllable damping system designed around magnetorheological (MR) fluid
(see Figure 1).
2020
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Application: Master title style
Magneto-Rheological (MR) Fluids in Washing machine
• Conventional springs and magnetorheological dampers work together to
stabilize a home washing machine during the spin cycle. The dampers control
vibrations as the tub passes through resonance; at the highest speeds the
dampers are switched off and vibration isolation is provided by the
mechanical springs that support the tub.
• These can simply be turned off at high spin speeds for an increased degree
of vibration isolation.
• The MR fluid sponge damper requires neither seals nor bearings, and uses
the same inexpensive components found in existing passive dampers, but
with a few important modifications. The damper consists of a layer of open-
celled, polyurethane foam, or other suitable absorbent matrix materials,
Figure 2
saturated with ~3 ml of MR fluid surrounding a steel bobbin and coil (see
Figure 2).

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Application:
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Master title style
• A simple, inexpensive magnetorheological fluid sponge designed for incorporation into washing machines consists of a steel bobbin and
coil surrounded by a layer of foam saturated with MR fluid. The elements constitute a piston on the end of the shaft that is free to move
axially inside a steel housing that provides the magnetic flux return path. The damping force is proportional to the sponge's active area.
• Together these elements form a piston on the end of the shaft that is free to move axially inside a steel housing that provides the
magnetic flux return path. Damping force is proportional to the sponge's active area.
• The application of a magnetic field causes the MR fluid in the matrix to develop a yield strength and resist shear motion. The amount of
force produced is proportional to the area of active MR sponge that is exposed to the magnetic field. This arrangement can be applied in
both linear and rotary configurations wherever a direct shear mode of operation would be used.
• During passage through resonance, these controllable dampers may be energized to provide a high level of damping that totally controls
the excursions of the tub (see Figure 4).

Figure 4

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Application: Master title style
Magneto-Rheological (MR) Fluids in Washing machine

• By activating the damper while the washing machine tub is passing through resonance, a degree of vibration
control is achieved not possible with conventional springs alone. The damping mechanism is switched off at
the greatest speeds, when the mechanical springs provide vibration isolation.

• At high speed, the MR sponge dampers are turned off to enable a high level of vibration isolation. With
enhanced vibration control, the drum may be made larger or the housing smaller since it must accommodate
less overall tub motion. Ideally, each of a pair of controllable dampers would have to provide 50–150 N of
damping force when energized and a low residual force of <5 N when turned off.

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Advantages Master title style
: Magneto-Rheological (MR) Fluids in Washing machine

• Many of the benefits of passive damping schemes built around MR technology are intuitive:

Efficiency
• Washing machines achieve greater performance in terms of higher spin speeds without the increased energy
consumption of more powerful motors.
• Energy efficiency is enhanced because clothes come out drier.
• With heightened vibration control, tubs can be designed larger and the housing smaller.
• Machines can accurately weigh loads and thus control the use of water and detergent.

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Advantages Master title style
: Magneto-Rheological (MR) Fluids in Washing machine

Functionality
•The damping system uses onboard electronics.
•No additional operator control is required.
•MR provides real-time controllability.

Cost
•Because existing materials are used, the slight increase in materials cost is balanced by improved energy
efficiency.

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Dis-advantages title style (MR) Fluids in Washing machine
Magneto-Rheological

Limited availability
•Magento Rheological fluids may not be readily available in all areas, making it difficult for
consumers to access and use them in their washing machines. This limitation can restrict the options
for consumers who wants to use rheological fluids in their washing machines.

Compatibility
•Some washing machines may not be compatible with MRF, as they may require specific setting or
modifications to accommodate the fluid

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Conclusion

• In addition to cost-sensitive applications such as washing machines, MR fluid dampers are being used in rotary
brakes for exercise equipment and pneumatic systems; in complete semiactive damper systems for heavy-
duty truck seat suspensions; in adjustable linear shock absorbers for racing cars; and in semiactive
suspensions for passenger cars.
• Now under commercial development are very large MF fluid dampers designed for seismic damage mitigation
in civil engineering structures such as buildings and bridges.
• Finally, the technology is being investigated for applications in vehicular steer-by-wire devices and medical
equipment such as the joints of prosthetic limbs.
• The key to success in all of these implementations is the ability of MR fluid to rapidly change its rheological
properties upon exposure to an applied magnetic field.

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Thank You

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