HISTORY & STANDARDS

• IInd World War (1939-1945)

• Stanley parker - founder of GD&T.
• ASME Y14.5 (2009).
• Torpedo-1953
• ASME-American society for mechanical engineers.
• ANSI - American national standard institude.
ERROR HAPPEN
• Man.
• Machine.
• Material.
we need to define the above things.
NEED FOR TOLERANCES:
 Based on fit and function of assembly.
 Achieve high accuracy.
 We didn’t manufacture a component in exact size.
 GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES
Geometric - Shape.
Dimensions - Given a basic values to the shape.
Tolerances - Permissible variation in basic value.(Availability).
Shapes: (types)
 Defined shape.
 Undefined shape.
Dimension: (types)
 Basic size.
 Actual size.
Tolerance : (types)
 Unilateral.
 Bilateral.
 Limits.
 GD&T SYMBOLS (14 SYMBOLS).
1.Form tolerances: ( datum not applicable).
 Straightness - Edges intersect the two flat surfaces.
 Flatness - cylidrical surfaces
 Roundness - perfect circle.
 Cylindricity - without ovalty in the entre cylidrical surface.
2. Orientation:
 Parallel
 Perpendicular
 Angularity
3. Location:
 Position
 Concentricity
 Symmetric
4.Profile tolerances:
 profile of line
 profile of surface
5.Runout tolerances:
 Circular runout
 Total runout
DATUM FEATURE:

DATUM:
• Datum is an imaginary reference.
• Its may be a plane,surfaces, edges, vertex point on the object.

Degree of freedom:
• A Product have six DOF.
• They are 3 linear motion and 3 rotational motion.
TYPES OF DATUM:
• Primary datum (A)- max 3 DOF arrest.
• Secondary datum (B)- Atleast 2 DOF .
• Teritary datum (c) - Atleast 1 DOF.

NOTE:
• Datum should not be parallel on surfaces.
• Its should perpendicular to the views.
Control frame:
FITS:
• Definition of Fit: It is the relation between dimensions of two mating
parts before their assembly.
Systems of Fit: There are two systems by which a fits can be
accomplished –
1. Hole basis system
2. Shaft basis system
Grades of Tolerance

• Grade of Tolerance: It is an indication of the level of accuracy. There

are 18
• grades of tolerances – IT01, IT0, IT1 to IT16
• IT01 to IT4 - For production of gauges, plug gauges, measuring
instruments
• IT5 to IT 7 - For fits in precision engineering applications
• IT8 to IT11 – For General Engineering
• IT12 to IT14 – For Sheet metal working or press working
• IT15 to IT16 – For processes like casting, general cutting work