Eye and Vision

‫فيزيك ديدگاني‬
 Eye (physics)
An spherical surface with radius of 37.5
mm and refraction index of 1.336 at
distance of 35.1 mm from cornea

Inferior focal distance of 17.05 mm

Posterior focal distance of 22.78 mm

Refraction index of different media in eye
Physics properties of cornea

 Radius of 8 mm
 High refraction index difference from air
 Therefore high refraction in cornea
 Refraction power of 40-45 dioptry (twice of
lens)
 Accommodation
The ability of eye to form a clear image on
the retina from objects at different distances
 Methods for accommodation

Change in anterior-posterior diameter

Changing the distance of lens

Change in radius of cornea

Change in radius of lens

Accommodation
Length of accommodation:
distance between far and
near point
Range of accommodation:
Difference in
accommodation in far and
near distance
4-5 dioptery in young
One D less in old poeple
 (Punctum Proximum

Near point)

The nearest point in which eye can see with

maximum accommodation
25-30 cm in normal eye
 Far point (Punctum Remotum)
The most far point in which eye can see without
accommodation in rest

In hyperopia eye is virtual an in myopia is less than 6

m
Spherical disorders

Myopia

Hyperopia
Myopia
Hypermetropia

Normal eye

Hyperopia eye

Hyperopia after
accommodation

After correction with

convergent lens
Physical causes for spherical disorders
 Axial disorders
When anterior-posterior distance is higher than
normal
Myopia

When anterior-posterior distance is lower than normal

Myopia
Axial disorders of eye
 Curve disorders
Bending of eye interfaces are higher than
normal
Myopia eye
Bending of eye interfaces are lower than
normal
Hyperopia eye
 Refraction disorders

Refraction index of some eye components

are higher than normal

For example myopia due to diabetes

Correction of spherical
disorders

Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia Myopia

Convergent
Convergentlens
lens Divergent lens
(positive)
(positive) (negative)
 Condition for the
correcting lens

Focus of the lens should be on the

far point
Diagnosis and correction of
spherical disorders

1-Snellen chart

2-Sciascopy
A chart including
different letters
with standard size
Used for
measurement of
eye disorders and
visual acuity
Each letter include a
5 min angle at a
standard distance
 Snellen chart for determination
of disorder
Myopia Only large letters Is corrected with
can be recognized divergent lens
Hypermetropia Smallest letters Is corrected with
can be recognized convergent lens
Severe Even the largest Is being better
hypermetropia letters can not be with convergent
clearly lens
Normal eye The smallest Is being worst
letters also can be with convergent
recognized lens
Visual acuity
Snellen including 7
(or 10) lines
A person can
recognize all lines
is 20/20 in acuity
A person which can
not recognize last
line is 20/30 in
visual acuity
Convergent cylindrical lens
Divergent cylindrical lens
Divergent cylindrical lens
Divergent cylindrical lens
 Combination of cylindrical
lenses
:If the axes are perpendicular If the axes are parallel:
Equivalent is: spherical+ The equivalent lens is a
cylindrical cylindrical lens a with sum
of the powers
Spherical is with power of one
Cylindrical is difference of the
two

3+ +1 -2 -1
3+
3+ + +
+ 2‫ـ‬ 5‫ـ‬

2‫ ـ‬+
2‫ـ‬ 5+
 Astigmatism system

Spherical lens+ cylindrical lens

Image of a parallel line is a line and a plane
Image of a parallel line is a line and a plane
Image of a oblique line is a line and a plane
There is no clear image
Astigmatism
 There is no point
focus on retina

Mostly congenital
disorder in
bending in
cornea
 Types of astigmatism

1-With the rule: most frequently, vertical bending is

more than horizontal

2-Against the rule

Correction of against the rule
astigmatism

Is performed with contact lens

With the rule astigmatism

Bending in vertical direction is more than

horizontal
Against the rule astigmatism

Bending in horizontal direction is more

than vertical
 Types of astigmatism

Mixed Combined Simple

astigmatism astigmatism astigmatism

Myopia
Myopia
Hyperopia
Hyperopia
 Simple astigmatism

Myopia Hypermetropia
 Correction of simple hyperopia
astigmatism

With the rule Against the rule

 Correction of simple myopia
astigmatism

With the rule Against the rule

 Combined astigmatism

Myopia Hyperopia
Mixed astigmatism
Astigmatism fan
The condition for correction
of astigmatism
Axis of the correcting lens
should be perpendicular to
line which is clear

Correction with Snellen chart

 Presbiopia ‫پیرچشمی‬
Reduction in elasticity of lens with age
Reduction of accommodation power

At 45 year age is about 0.5 D

Corrected with convergent lens
For myopia or hyperopia person a
bifocal lens is used
 Visual acuity depends on:

Region on retina

Color of light

Age
Ophtalmoscopy
Skiascopy
Diagnosis  Room is dark
 A light is directed to eye by
a small mirror with a hole
 Examiner at a 1 m and a +1
lens is used
 The direction of movement
the reflected light from
retina is direct or invers or
stationary
The normal human retina contains two kinds of light sensitive
cells: the rod cells (active only in low light) and the cone cells
(active in normal daylight and responsible for color perception).

Normally, there are three kinds of

cones (each one sensitive to a
:)specific range of wavelengths

red" cones (64%)"

green" cones (32%)"
blue" cones (2%)"

The different kinds of inherited color blindness result from

partial or complete loss of function of one or more of the
different cone systems.
 Color blindness

Diagnosis with Ishihara plates

Visual field