INVERTER

Dr. Muhammad Aamir

Inverter with LC filter

The state equations of the inverter are given as

The behavior of the system can be

represented by the following state space
equation

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Filter Design
• First, the value of the inductor can be calculated as;

where is the DC-link voltage, is the rated reference peak current, is

the switching frequency, is the inverter-side current ripple ratio, which
generally is lower than 15~20% of the rated current for LC filter
• Decide the resonant circuit. The resonance frequency of the
filter is selected between the range of ten times the line
frequency and one tenth of the switching frequency

• The value of filter capacitor is determined using the resonance

frequency equation of the LC filter;

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Other Possible Filters

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Three Phase Inverter

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 Modelling of Inverter with L filter
• The state of the three-phase inverter is modelled by means of a switching space
vector defined with the switching functions p j(t) ( j = a, b, c) equal to 1 when the
upper switch is closed and 0 when the lower switch is closed:

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Modeling of Inverter with L filter

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ἀ and β to DQ control

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• The advantage of this theory is that the fundamental frequency
components of an AC signal are mapped to DC values.
•

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Transformations
• Three-phase reference frame, in which Ia, Ib, and Ic are co-
planar three-phase quantities at an angle of 120 degrees to
each other.

• Orthogonal stationary reference frame, in which Iα (along α

axis) and Iβ (along β axis) are perpendicular to each other, but
in the same plane as the three-phase reference frame.

• Orthogonal rotating reference frame, in which Id is at an angle

θ (rotation angle) to the α axis and Iq is perpendicular to Id
along the q axis.

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Implementation of Proportional Integral for Inverter

In Figure, PI is implemented for each Phase

Drawbacks:
inability to track a sinusoidal reference without steady-state error
poor disturbance rejection capability.

In Second Figure, first transformation is performed, and than PI is used

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Proportional Resonant Controller

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PR Controller

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Difference between PI and PR control

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Grid Connected Inverter

Features
– Grid-side controller, which can have the following tasks:
– control of active power generated to the grid;
– control of reactive power transfer between the DPGS and the grid;
– control of dc-link voltage;
– ensure high quality of the injected power;
– grid synchronization.

– The current loop is responsible for power quality issues and current
protection; thus, harmonic compensation and dynamics are the important
properties of the current controller
– The dc-link voltage controller is designed for balancing the power flow in the
system.

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Voltage Orient Control using DQ

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Voltage Orient Control using αβ

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 Grid Forming Inverter

The grid-forming converters can be

represented as an ideal ac voltage
source with a low-output impedance,
setting the voltage amplitude E∗ and
frequency ω∗ of the local grid by
using a proper control loop.
a grid-forming power converter usually
operates
specifically in islanded mode, since in
the main grid the ac voltage is
conventionally formed by synchronous
generators

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Grid Feeding Inverter

The grid-feeding power converters

are mainly designed to deliver
power to an energized grid. They
can be represented as an ideal
current source connected to the
grid in parallel with high impedance

A grid-feeding power converter,

controlled as a current source,
needs a generator or a power
converter to form the grid voltage
in order to be able to operate.
Therefore, this kind
of converter cannot operate
independently in island mode

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 Grid Supporting Inverter

These converters regulate their

output current/voltage to keep
the value of the grid frequency
and voltage amplitude close to
their rated values. In case of
controlling a grid-supporting
converter as a voltage source,
the effect of the link impedance
is usually emulated by the
internal control loop

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 Droop Control
• Droop methods are based on the behaviour of synchronous
generators.
• The real power injected into the grid can be expressed as

• where P and Q are the active and reactive powers

• This impedance is formed by the synchronous or internal
impedance of the generator and the line impedance existing
between the generator and the grid
 Droop Control
• The impedance of the equivalent circuit is considered
inductive because of the transmission line and generator
windings and the active and reactive powers can be described
as follows:

• taking into consideration small phase

differences between E and V (sinφ =φ and cos φ= 1)
• P and Q depend mainly on φ and E–V
• P and Q can be controlled by means of the phase and
amplitude of the output voltage, respectively.
 Droop Control
• The simplest way of reproducing this behaviour in the power
converters is to add the following characteristics

• where i is the index representing each converter, ῳ0 and E0 are

the nominal frequency and voltage of the voltage system, Pi and Qi
are the actual active and reactive powers and Poi and Qoi are the
nominal active and reactive powers
•
Droop Control
Example of Droop Control
Inverter Control Design for Non-linear Load

• Cascaded combination of Slide Mode Control (SMC) and Proportional-Resonant (PR)

Control
• Very robust in operation
• Very low THD for both linear and non-linear load
• Fast transient response
• Easy implementation
• Chattering phenomena is the disadvantage of SMC
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 Cascaded Slide mode and Proportional-resonant Control
• Slide Mode Control
– Slide surface equation
– The voltage error x1, and its derivative need to be find

– Sliding surface equation for Inverter is

– Chattering phenomena in the SMC has been removed using Smooth control law in boundary layer
condition.
– Hence interpolate S inside for instance, and replace S by an expression S/

 Proportional-Resonant Controller

 Cascaded control of SMC and PR

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 Linear Load Non Linear Load
THD=1% THD=1.5%

STEP CHANGE

0 to 100% load change 100% to 0 load change

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