SHIP’S ENGINE

How and where is ship’s

engine made?
How and where is ship’s engine made?
• If you have seen engines on ships, including
small 4-stroke generator engines and also the
massive 2-stroke propulsion engines, one
thought which must have crossed your mind is
how and where these engines were made?
 Engine Manufactures
• The most famous engine manufacturers, whose engines,
are used in ships are:
– MAN Diesel & Turbo (Previously B&W engines) – famous for
high, medium and slow speed marine engines
– Wartsila (Previously Sulzer Engines) – famous for high,
medium and slow speed marine engines
– Mitsubishi – producing engines for light, medium, and heavy-
duty applications
– Rolls Royce – famous for the cruise ship and naval ship
engines
– Caterpillar manufactures – for medium speed and high-
speed marine diesel
Fuel Oil System for Marine Diesel Engine

• The fuel oil system for a marine diesel engine

can be considered in two parts—the fuel
supply and the fuel injection systems.
• Fuel supply deals with the provision of fuel oil
suitable for use by the injection system.
• Marine Fuel oil system includes various piping
systems provided for bunkering, storage,
transfer, offloading and treatment of fuel oils.
Fuel Oil System for Marine Diesel Engine…
Cont
• Fuel oil transfer system
– This system receives and stores fuel and delivers it
to settling tanks.
– Fuel oils are loaded through deck fill connections
that have sample connections provided to permit
the fuel to be sampled as it is taken aboard.
– HFO is loaded in storage tanks fitted with heating
coils.
Fuel Oil System for Marine Diesel Engine…
Cont

• Fuel oil transfer system

– In preparation for use, HFO is transferred to the fuel
oil settling tanks via FO transfer pumps which are
equipped with a suction strainer.
– Piping is so arranged that the pumps can transfer
fuel between storage tanks and then to the deck
connections for offloading.
– Settling tanks are used to permit gross water and
solids to settle on the bottom.
Fuel Oil System for Marine Diesel Engine…
Cont
• Fuel tank overflow system: All tanks overflow to
an overflow tank via a line with an observation
glass. This line also incorporates a flow alarm.
Fitted in the overflow tank is a level alarm which
will be activated when the tank is a quarter full.
• All tank vents are fitted so that oil cannot overflow
onto deck or into machinery spaces which may
lead to fires. The vent from the overflow tank is
led onto deck and fitted with wire gauze
diaphragms.
 Fuel oil supply for a two-stroke diesel
engine
• A slow-speed two-stroke diesel is usually arranged to operate
continuously on heavy fuel and have available a diesel oil supply for
manoeuvring conditions.
• In the system shown in Figure below, the oil is stored in tanks in the
double bottom from which it is pumped to a settling tank and heated.
• After passing through centrifuges the cleaned, heated oil is pumped to
a daily service tank.
• From the daily service tank the oil flows through a three-way valve to
a mixing tank. A flow meter is fitted into the system to indicate fuel
consumption.
• Booster pumps are used to pump the oil through heaters and a
viscosity regulator to the engine-driven fuel pumps. The fuel pumps
will discharge high-pressure fuel to their respective injectors.
 viscosity regulator
• The viscosity regulator controls the fuel oil temperature in
order to provide the correct viscosity for combustion. A
pressure regulating valve ensures a constant-pressure
• supply to the engine-driven pumps, and a pre-warming
bypass is used to heat up the fuel before starting the engine.
• A diesel oil daily service tank may be installed and is
connected to the system via a three-way valve. The engine
can be started up and manoeuvred on diesel oil or even a
blend of diesel and heavy fuel oil. The mixing tank is used to
collect recirculated oil and also acts as a buffer or reserve
tank as it will supply fuel when the daily service tank is
empty.
Fuel oil system for cargo ships

The system includes various safety devices such as low-level alarms and remotely
operated tank outlet valves which can be closed in the event of a fire.
 Operation on Heavy Fuel Oil
• Main engines designed to manoeuvre on heavy fuel
oil are to be operated according to the
manufacturer‘s instructions. All other types of main
engines are to be manoeuvred on diesel oil
according to the manufacturers‘ instructions.
• In the event of problems during manoeuvring on
engines using heavy oil there must be no hesitation
in changing over to diesel oil irrespective of whether
the engines are being operated using bridge control,
or using engine room control.
 Operation on Heavy Fuel Oil… Cont’
• It is the Chief Engineer's responsibility to
inform the Master of the particular engine
type‘s maximum period that it can safely
remain in the stopped position.
• He is also to inform the Master of the
procedures which will have to be carried out if
the particular engine type‘s maximum period
at standstill during manoeuvring is exceeded.
 Operation on Heavy Fuel Oil… Cont’
• It is the Chief Engineer's responsibility to
inform the Master of the particular engine
type‘s maximum period that it can safely
remain in the stopped position.
• He is also to inform the Master of the
procedures which will have to be carried out if
the particular engine type‘s maximum period
at standstill during manoeuvring is exceeded.
 Fuel injection
• The function of the fuel injection system is to provide the right
amount of fuel at the right moment and in a suitable condition
for the combustion process.
• There must therefore be some form of measured fuel supply, a
means of timing the delivery and the atomization of the fuel.
• The injection of the fuel is achieved by the location of cams on a
camshaft. This camshaft rotates at engine speed for a two-stroke
engine and at half engine speed for a four-stroke.
• There are two basic systems in use, each of which employs a
combination of mechanical and hydraulic operations. The most
common system is the jerk pump; the other is the common rail.
 safety devices in a fuel system for a diesel
engine
• Various safety devices in a fuel system for a diesel engine are:
– Quick closing valves on settling/service tanks
– relief valves on 2 pumps/heaters
– quick closing valve on mixing/vent tank
– pipes lagged/save-alls under pumps and heaters
– low fuel oil pressure alarm
– high fuel oil pressure alarm
– low fuel oil temperature alarm
– high fuel oil temperature alarm
– emergency remote stops for pumps
– high pressure pipes between fuel injection pump and injector are
double skinned.
 Marine Fuel Oils and Lubricating Oils Treatment

• Both fuel oils and lubricating oils require treatment before passing
to the engine. This will involve storage and heating to allow
separation of water present, coarse and fine filtering to remove
solid particles and also centrifuging.
• The centrifugal separator is used to separate two liquids, for
example oil and water, or a liquid and solids as in contaminated oil.
Separation is speeded up by the use of a centrifuge and can be
arranged as a continuous process. Where a centrifuge is
arranged to separate two liquids, it is known as a 'purifier'. Where a
centrifuge is arranged to separate impurities and small amounts of
water from oil it is known as a 'clarifier'.
 Marine Fuel Oils and Lubricating Oils
Treatment
• The separation of impurities and water from
fuel oil is essential for good combustion. The
removal of contaminating impurities from
lubricating oil will reduce engine wear and
possible breakdowns.
• The centrifuging of all but the most pure clean
oils is therefore an absolute necessity.
 Centrifuging
• A centrifuge consists of an electric motor drive to a vertical
shaft on the top of which is mounted the bowl assembly.
• An outer framework surrounds the assembly and carries
the various feed and discharge connections.
• The bowl can be a solid assembly which retains the
separated sludge and operates non-continuously, or the
bowl can be arranged so that the upper and lower parts
separate and the sludge can be discharged while the
centrifuge operates continuously.
• The dirty oil is admitted into the centre of the bowl, passes
up through a stack of discs and out through the top.
The purifying process
 The purifying process… Cont’
• The centrifugal separation of two liquids, such as oil and water,
results in the formation of a cylindrical interface between the
two.
• The positioning of this interface within the centrifuge is very
important for correct operation.
• The setting or positioning of the interface is achieved by the
use of dam rings or gravity discs at the oudet of the centriiuge.
• Various diameter rings are available for each machine when
different densities of oil are used. As a general rule, the largest
diameter ring which does not break the 'seal' should be used.
 The clarifying process… Cont’
• Cleaning oil which contains little or no water is
achieved in a clarifier bowl where the
impurities and water collect at the bowl
periphery.
• A clarifier bowl has only one outlet . No
gravity disc is necessary since no interface is
formed; the bowl therefore operates at
maximum separating efficiency since the oil is
subjected to the maximum centrifugal force
The clarifying process… Cont’