Presentation

on
Introduction to Gas Turbine Engine

For Batch B1.1 Prepared By:-

Vijay Painuly
 Since Gas Turbine is a part of Jet Engine so first we have to
familiarize with Jet Engine
Jet Engine

• It’s a reaction engine

• Discharges a fast moving jet that generate thrust by jet propulsion
• Jet propulsion :- It is the reacting force produced by the
acceleration of air gas or liquid through nozzle.
 Requirement of thrust & Definition of engine.

Aircraft require thrust to produce enough speed for the

wings to provide lift.
For an aircraft to remain in level flight, thrust must be
provided that is equal to and in the opposite direction of the
aircraft drag.
This thrust or propulsive force is provided by a suitable type
of aircraft heat engine
Engine- An engine is a device which transforms one form of
energy into another form.
Heat Engine- Heat engine is a device which transforms the
chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and utilizes this
thermal energy to perform useful work.
Thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy in a heat
engine.
 Working of a jet engine
1. Intakes air from atmosphere / or from a source .
2. Raises the pressure and temp of intake air.
3. Ignites the compressed air with fuel.
4. Burnt gas expands & come out of nozzle.
5. Due to moment of burnt gases thrust is produced
 Types of Gas Turbine Engine

Rocket Jet Ram Jet Pulse Jet Turbine Jet

Turbo Jet Turbo Fan Turbo Prop Turbo Shaft

Thrust Producing Torque Producing

Rocket Jet Engine
 Non air breathing Engine
 Carry own oxidizer and fuel in solid or liquid form
Ram Jet
 Uses the atmosphere to support combustion
 Duct receive the inlet air & changes its velocity to static
pressure
Pulse Jet
 Similar to ram jet
 Fitted with a system of air inlet flapper valve
 These valve is closed during combustion
 Provide moderate static thrust
Turbine Jet
 Heat engine uses air as working fluid
 Consist of 3 basic units (Comp, Combustion chamber and turbine)

Turbine engine is further classified as :

1. Turbo Jet 2. Turbo Shaft
3. Turbo Prop 4. Turbo Fan
Turbo Jet Engine

Consist of majorly of four parts

1.Impeller Compressor 3. Single Stage turbine
2. Annular Combustor 4. Nozzle
 Working Stages
Compression of Inlet air

Combustion of Fuel with compressed air

Rotation of turbine (Due to Expansion of gas)

Driven of compressor via turbine

Exhaust creating thrust

Turbo Shaft Engine
 Deliver power through a shaft
 Power transmitted is used to operate something other than propeller.
Turboprop Engine
 Design is similar to the turbo shaft.
 The power developed is consumed in rotating the propeller which
produce thrust.
 A gear box is mounted for the speed variations of propeller.
Turbofan Engine
 Power developed is used to rotate the fan which allows the air to flow
inside
 Air flows in two ways inside the engine and outside the engine
periphery.
 Both flow creates thrust.
 Physics of Gas Turbine Engine
It includes the following important topics:-

 Force
 Work
 Power
 Velocity
 Acceleration
 Potential Energy
 Kinetic Energy
 Newton’s law of motion
Force
 Defined as the capacity to do work
 Mathematically
F (Force) = P X A , where P (pressure in psi) & A (Area in sq inch)
 It’s a vector quantity

Work
 Work is said to be done when force acting on a body moves the body
through a distance.
 Mathematically
Work(W) = F X D where, F (Applied force in pound) & D (Distance moved
by body in feet)

F
D
Power
 it is defined as the work done per unit time
 Mathematically
Power(P) = FXD
T
where F (Force in Pound), D(Distance in feet) & T(Time in minute)

Velocity

 Rate of change of position of an object w.r.t to a frame of

reference( time)
 It’s a vector quantity and can be defined with dir & mang.
 Mathematically
Velocity (V) = D/T where D (Distance travelled in meter) & T(Time taken
in Sec)
Acceleration
 It is defined as change in velocity w.r.t time.
 Mathematically
Acceleration(A) = V2 – V1
t
Where V2 (final velocity) & V1 (Initial velocity) in m/sec & t (time in sec)
 Potential Energy
Energy possessed by a body by
virtue of its position to a certain
height from ground level.
M
It’s a scalar quantity.

It depends of following factor

1. Mass of the body
2. Height from ground level h M
3. Value of g

 Mathematically

P.E = mgh
Where m (Mass of the body)
g (Acceleration due to gravity)
h( Height of the body from
reference ground level)
 Kinetic Energy

Energy which a body possesses

by virtue of being in motion.

It’s a scalar quantity.

It depends of following factor

1. Mass of the body
2. Velocity of a body

 Mathematically
v
m m
K.E = ½ mv2
Where m (Mass of the body)
v (velocity of the body)
Newton’s Law’s of Motion
 Brayton Cycle
Represent the operation of gas turbine
 Brayton cycle Process
Process 1-2 Adiabatic Compression:- Air is intake from atmosphere and
compresses adiabatically
Process 2-3 Isobaric Heat addition :- The compressed air then runs through a
combustion chamber, where fuel is burned, heating that air—a constant-
pressure process.
Process 3-4 Adiabatic Expansion:- the heated, pressurized air then gives up its
energy, expanding through a turbine (or series of turbines). Some of the work
extracted by the turbine is used to drive the compressor.
Process 4-1 Isobaric Heat rejection :- Heat is rejected in atmosphere
P-V & T-S Diagram of Brayton Cycle

1-2 Adiabatic comp.

2-3 Isobaric heat

addition

3-4 Adiabatic
expansion

4-1 Isobaric heat

rejection
Thank You