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Stylistics and Discourse

Analysis
Ms. Roanne S. Castro, LPT
Instructor I, DepTEL
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DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
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01 What is Discourse
Analysis?

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What is Discourse
Analysis?
is sometimes defined as the analysis of language

'beyond the sentence'

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 Example:

"Please use "Pool for

the toilet, not
members
the pool,"
only."
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“Please use the toilet not the
pool. Pool for members
only.”

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 What is Discourse
Analysis?
Discourse analysis is a blanket term for a range of
qualitative research approaches used in analyzing the
use of language in social contexts.

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 What is Discourse
Analysis?
Basically, discourse analysis is used to conduct research
on the use of language in context in a wide variety of
social problems (i.e., issues in society that affect
individuals negatively).

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 What is Discourse
Analysis?
Discourse analysis is a broad term for the study of the
ways in which language is used between people, both
in written texts and spoken contexts.

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 Objects of Discourse
Analysis
Discourse. Writing. Conversation.
Communicative event.

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 Discourse and Frame
'Reframing' is a way to talk about going back and re-interpreting the
meaning of the first sentence. Frame analysis is a type of discourse
analysis that asks,
What activity are speakers engaged in when they say this? What do they
think they are doing by talking in this way at this time?

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 Discourse Markers
'Discourse markers' is the term linguists give to the little words like 'well',
'oh', 'but', and 'and' that break our speech up into parts and show the
relation between parts.

Oh. But. And.

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 Speech Acts
The speech act is something expressed by an individual that not only
presents information but performs an action. Speech acts are verbal
actions that accomplish something: we greet, insult, compliment, plead,
flirt, supply information, and get work done.
E.g. Wedding. Indian compliments

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02 Discourse Transcription

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Discourse Transcription

Discourse transcription can be defined as the process of

creating a representation in writing of a speech
event, in such a way as to make it accessible to
discourse research.”

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 TYPES OF
DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
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 Conversation
Analysis
Also called talk-in-interaction and ethnomethodology. Conversational
analysis (CA) looks at ordinary everyday spoken discourse and aims
to understand, from a fine- grained analysis of the conversation,
how people manage their interactions.

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 Conversation
● Is an exchange of
thoughts and ideas
between two or more
people.

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 Turn Taking
Conversation is an enterprise in which one person speaks, and
another listens.
Discourse analysts who study conversation note that speakers have
systems for determining when one person's turn is over and the
next person's turn begins.
The exchange of turns is called ‘floors’

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 Turns
Conversation is analyzed in turns. Speech of one
person continued until another takes the floor. A
turn consists of one or more turn constructional
units.

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1 sec.

0.5 sec.

1.5 sec.
TURN TCUs
TAKING
1 sec.

0.5 sec.

0.5 sec.
The rules of Turn Taking

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Basic Turn
Types

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 Adjacency Pairs
One of the most noticeable things about conversation is that
certain classes of utterances conventionally come in pairs.
Example: the patterns: Question/answer • Greeting/greeting •
Invitation/acceptance(declination) • Offer/acceptance
(refusal)

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Example:

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 Adjacency Pairs

“Preferences”
Preferred Response Dispreferred Response
(it occurs more frequently) (it is less common)

Request: Accept Request: Refusal

Question: Question: unexpected
Expected Answer answer / no answer

Blame: Denial Blame: Admission

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 Adjacency Pairs
The absence of a second pair part is most often treated participants as a
noticeable absence,
Example:

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 Repairs
The way speakers correct things they or someone else has said,
and check what they have understood in a conversation.
Repair is often done through self repair and other repair
(Paltridge, 2006:119).

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 Repairs Types

1. Self initiated self repair

2. Other initiated self repair
3. Self initated other repair
4. Other initiated other repair

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 Insertion Sequence
Insertion Sequences occur (Schegloff, 1972, cited in Alba-
Juez,2009) in which, for example, a question-answer pair is
embedded within another
An insertion sequence is a sequence of turns that intervenes
between the first and second parts of an adjacency pair.

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IS
 Interruption
Violation of turn-taking rules of conversation. The next speaker
begins to speak while the current speaker is still speaking, at
a point in the current speaker`s turn which could not be
defined as the last word.

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 Violation of Turn Taking Model

1. Grabbing the floor

2. Hogging the floor
3. Not responding

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 Overlap
Overlap is when two voices are going on at the same time.
Bennett (1981)

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Opening Conversa…

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Closing Conversa…

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Closing Conversa…

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Closing Conversa…

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METAPHOR

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METONYMY

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