Professional Documents
Culture Documents
F
Wavelength x Frequency = Speed of light
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Daniel W. Rickey, Typical Rotating anode X-ray Tube [photograph]. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-
ray_tube#/media/File:Rotating_anode_x-ray_tube_(labeled).jpg
X-ray Tube
A- Anode
C- Cathode
T- Anode Target
W- X Ray Window
ChumpusRex (2006). Simplified schematic of a x-ray tube in housing [image]. Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xraytubeinhousing_commons.png
Thermionic Emission
Release of electrons from hot filament
when current flows after depressing
exposure switch
Target
Copper stem Target
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Medical Radiography
Anode (blue
edge is
tungsten)
Filament/
Electron beam strikes Focusing Cup
target in this area only
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation.
Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Tungsten
(Filament and Target)
Target
Anode
(+)
Cathode
(-)
Apparent (effective)
focal spot size
Actual focal
spot size
PID
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation.
Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Line Focus Principle
PID
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
X-ray Machine Components
X-ray
Control Panel Tubehead
110, 220 line Timer
Exposure switch
mA selector Step-down transformer
kVp selector Step-up transformer
Autotransformer X-ray Tube
Wires
Oil
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
60-cycle Alternating Current
+ 110, 220
positive
- 110, 220
negative
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
1/60
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Step-Down Transformer
Filament Circuit
Step-Down Transformer
Primary
current flow
110 volts
current flow
3-5 volts
Secondary
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
kiloVolt peak (kVp) selector
kVp control
kVp readout
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Autotransformer
Controls voltage between
anode and cathode
65
80 V
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved
Step-Up Transformer
65 - 90 V 65,000 - 90,000 V
(65 kVp - 90 kVp)
kVp = kiloVoltage peak
Step-Up Transformer
Primary
current flow
110 volts
current flow
Secondary
65,000 to
90,000 volts
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
X-ray Machine Components
oil
filament filter
exposure
button
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
kVp
3-5 volts
65-90 volts
filament
<110 volts
110 volts
65,000 to
90,000 volts
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
X-ray Production
3
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Exposure Factors
• kVp
• mA
• Exposure time
kVp (kiloVolt peak)
Number of X-rays
90 kVp
70 kVp
maximum energy
70 90
average energy
X-ray Energy (keV)
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Increasing kVp results in:
• Higher average energy of x-rays
• More x-rays
mA (milliamperes)
Number of X-rays
10 mA
5 mA
maximum energy
(no change)
70
average energy X-ray Energy (keV)
(no change)
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Exposure time
Number of X-rays
10 impulses
5 impulses
maximum energy
(no change)
70
average energy X-ray Energy (keV)
(no change)
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Increasing mA or Exposure
Time results in:
x-rays produced
primary x-ray
scattered x-ray
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Collimation
front views side view
collimated
collimator beam
target
(x-ray source)
Quantity
number of x-rays
Inverse Square Law
The intensity of radiation varies
inversely as the square of the*target-film
distance
* target = source, focal spot, focus
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Inverse Square Law
2
D KI
X KI = UI
D UI
2
1 1
=
10 100
1 X 100 = 1
100
Engineering World Health (2015), Great X-Ray Presentation. Retrieved from library.ewh.org
Questions?