Fundamental Concepts of

Mathematics
—— M AT H 1 3 1

FA I T H S Y R E L L C . B O N G H A N O Y
 SETS
- By a “set” we mean any collection of M into a whole of difinite
distinct objects “m” (which are collected the elements of M) of our
perception or of our thought.
 Well-defined Set

- a set is well defined if an element can be determined

whether it belong to the set or not.

Example of Sets
A is the set of Integers between -10 and 10.
A has an element (or number) of the integers -9, -8, -7, ...,
7,8,9 .

NOTE:
( . . . ) are called ellipses, indicating that the list continues in
the obvious way. is used to “express” membership.
Ex. 9 A, read as 9 is an element of set A.
Difference between a well-dfined & not
well-defined
we can say a given set is well-defined if there are no
ambiguity arises, in layman terms “ modefine diritso ang
element, dli na kinahanglan ug mga lain na pud nga mga
condition.

Examples
1. A is the set of tall buildings in Dipolog City.
2. B is the set of prime numbers greater than 10.
3. C is the set of SAS Students in NMSCST.
4. D is the set of negative integers greater than 0.
Methods of Describing Sets
1. Verbal or Word description
2. Roster or Listing Method
3. Set BuiLder Notation or Rule Method

Examples
1. Set A is the set of one digit prime numbers
2. A = {2, 3, 5, 7}
3. A = { x/x is a one digit prime number

NOTE:
{x/x} can also be written as {x:x} also reads as the set
of x such that x is . . .
Cardinality
The cardinality (n) of a set N is the number of elements of N. N = { x:x is a word vowel in the English
alphabet} has a cardinality of 5, that is N = {a,e,i,o,u} cardinality can also be denoted by |N|.
Null or Empty Set

- Sets are that has no elements or zero cardinality or { }

Infinite Set

- sets that contain infinitely many elements or infinite cardinality.

Finite Set

- Sets that has countable elements.

Singleton Set

- set that has only one element.

Universal Set

- Set which contains the elements of all sets being considered in a certain discussion.

Equal Set

- Two sets A & B are said to be equal if their elements are exactly the same denoted by A=B.

Equivalent Set

- If the elements of set a can be put into a one to one correspondence with the elements of set b, in
short cardinality of A and Cardinality of B are equal.
 ACTIVITY
Give two examples on every set that is being introduced
above.
Thank you
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