Periodic variation of physical

properties and chemical behavior

• Many of the atomic properties are determined
by the outer electrons or valence electrons of
each atom. And it can be deduced by its
electronic configuration.

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 Atomic radius
• Atomic radius: it is the distance from the
nucleus of an atom to its furthest electron.

• The atomic radii are determined by the force

of attraction between the electrons at the
outer level and their nucleus.
Shrinkage
 Effective Nuclear Charge
• The main factors that determine the periodic
properties are their valence electrons and the
effective nuclear that they have.
• The effective nuclear charge is the average
nuclear charge felt by an individual electron in
an atom, taking into consideration the
“shielding” effect of inner shell electrons.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fGzxmpl1WU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPfDBu8Mhk8
 Shielding effect
• Is the balance between the attraction of the
protons on valence electrons and repulsion
forces from inner electrons.
 Ionization energy
• It is the energy required to remove the
weakest electron bound to an atom to form a
positively charged ion.

• Electrons farther from the nucleus are less

tightly bound.
 Electron affinity:

• It is the amount of energy that is given off by

the addition of an electron to the neutral
atom of an element to form an ion with a
negative charge.
• You can also think about it as if: affinity is how
much you like something, then electron
affinity is how much the atom likes electrons.
 Electronegativity
• It is the measure of the relative ability of an
atom in a molecule to attract electrons to
itself.
• Electronegativity refers to how easily an
electron is picked up by a neutral atom.
• Atoms in groups V A, VIA, VIIA want to acquire
electrons to form octets. They are extremely
hungry for electrons. Especially group VIIA.
Electronegativity
 Metallic character
• The farther from the nucleus the outer
electrons are, the looser they are and the
more metallic character increases.
• Valence: is the ability of an element to gain,
lose or share one or more electrons, when
combined with another element. The valence
indicates the possibility of union.

• The electrons that an element contains in its

farthest energy level are known as valence
electrons.
• Oxidation number: It is the number of
electrons gained or lost by the atom of an
element when forming a compound.
 Periodic Table distribution
• The periodic table is the set of all the
elements known so far. Their arrangement
depends on the increasing order of the atomic
number.
• They are ordered in two different ways:
• Horizontally = periods
• Vertically = groups and / or families
• The atomic number: is the number of protons
in an element´s nucleus.
• The number of protons is what dictates the
identity of an element.
• Columns, groups or families, share the same
amount of valence electrons. And it is this
characteristic what gives to the element it´s
own unique reactivity.
• A certain number of electrons fit in the
periods:
Period ELECTRONS

1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32
5 32
6 18
7 Incomplete
Grupo Configuración Familia
Electrónica
IA s1 H ó alkali metals

IIA s2 Be ó alkaline earth metals

IIIA p1 B ó earth metals

IVA p2 C ó amphoteric

VA p3 N

VIA p4 O chalcogens

VIIA p5 F halogens (salt builders)

VIIIA p6 He, noble, inert or rare gases

 The aufbau principle,
from the German
Aufbauprinzip (building-
up principle)
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• VIDEO METALES ALCALINOS
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyA
pYrY
• Elements arranged in the same group or family
have similar chemical properties. They are
divided into subgroups “A” = representative
elements, whose electronic configuration ends
in s or p and “B” transition elements whose
electronic configuration ends in d. The last two
periods give rise to the lanthanide and
actinides and their electronic configuration
ends in f, they are internal transition metals.
• Most of the elements are natural (92),
however there are some that have been
obtained synthetically through nuclear
reactions. They are the elements with the
highest atomic number than uranium and are
known as transurans.
• Except for technetium which is the first
synthetic element. Its atomic number is 43.
• Another way to classify the periodic table is to
divide it into metals, non-metals, and inert
gases. Six are inert gases, 15 behave like non-
metals, hydrogen is a particular case and the
rest are metallic.
• The stepped line on the right separates
metallic from non-metallic elements.
Throughout it appear the “metalloids” that
have characteristics of both: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb,
Te and Po. Aluminum is quite metallic but its
oxide behaves like a metalloid.
States of matter aggregation