1-φ

INDUCTION
MOTOR
1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 1
MA
 Features of 1-φ Induction Motor
Following are the main features of 1-φ Induction Motor:

 It works on 1-φ AC supply

 It is a non-self starting motor
 It has four starting methods:
• Resistance start or Split phase Induction Motor
• Capacitor start Induction Motor
• Capacitor start- Capacitor run Induction Motor
• Shaded Pole Induction Motor

1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 2

MA
Que.) Why 1-φ Induction Motor is non self-starting?

Ans.) 1-φ Induction Motor is fed with a 1-φ AC supply, therefore the flux
produced by the stator is not revolving. It is actually stationary alternating flux
which is acting on a stationary rotor.

Now the currents are induced in the rotor conductors by transformer action
(Induction) , these currents being in such a direction as to oppose the stator
MMF. Thus the axis of the Rotor MMF wave coincides with that of the Stator
Field. The torque angle is ZERO hence No torque is developed in the starting.

However if the rotor of such a motor is given a push by hands or by some other
means, it will pick-up the speed and continue to rotate in the same direction
developing operating torque.

Therefore the 1-φ Induction Motor is non self-starting.

1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR Rotor 3

MA
 Phenomenon of Self Starting
A single-phase induction motor is not self-starting motor, hence the following
phenomenon is applied to make it self start:

To overcome this drawback and make the motor self-starting, it is temporarily converted
into a two-phase motor during starting period.

For this purpose, the stator of a single-phase motor is provided with an extra winding,
known as starting (or auxiliary) winding, in addition to the main or running winding.

The two windings so arranged that the phase-difference between the currents in the
two stator windings is very large (ideal value being 90º) and are connected in parallel
across the single-phase supply as shown in Fig.
Hence, the motor behaves like a two phase
motor. These two currents produce a revolving
flux and hence make the motor self-starting.

There are many methods by which the

necessary phase-difference between the two
currents can be created.
1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG
4
SHARMA
Starting Methods of 1-φ Induction Motor
1-φ Induction Motor can be made self starting by the following
methods:
 Resistance start or Split phase Induction Motor
 Capacitor start Induction Motor
 Capacitor start- Capacitor run Induction Motor
 Shaded Pole Induction Motor

Rotor
1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 5
MA
 1.)Resistance Start or Split Phase Induction Motor
In split-phase machine, the main winding has low resistance but high reactance,
therefore IM lags behind the voltage V by a larger angle.
Starting winding is a high resistance but low reactance winding, therefore IS lags behind
the voltage V by a smaller angle.

Phase angle between IS and Im is made as large as possible

 Starting torque of a split-phase motor is proportional to sin α.
A centrifugal switch S is connected in series with the starting winding which automatically
disconnects the starting winding from the supply when the motor attains 70 to 80 per cent
of its full-load speed. 1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 6
MA
 2.) Capacitor Start Induction Motor
In these motors, the necessary phase difference between IS and Im is produced by
connecting a capacitor in series with the starting winding.

The capacitor is generally of the electrolytic type and is usually mounted on the
outside of the motor as a separate unit

1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG

7
SHARMA
 3.) Capacitor Start-Capacitor Run Induction Motor
It consists of two types:
A.) Single Value Capacitor Run Motor
B.) Two Value Capacitor Run Motor

A.) Single Value Capacitor Run Motor:

Capacitor of 2 to 20μF are used.

The unique feature of this motor is that
it can be easily reversed provided its
running & starting windings are identical.
For reversing the rotation, the windings
are interchanged by the external switch.

Applications:

These are often used for operating

devices that must be moved back & forth
such as rheostats, valves , furnace controls
etc.
1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 8
MA
 B) Two Value Capacitor Run Motor:
Motor is started with the higher capacitor in series with the starting
winding. So that the starting torque is high.

For running condition lower value capacitor CA is substituted by the

centrifugal switch S. Capacitor CB= 10
to 15 times of CA
Advantages:

Ability to start heavy loads.

Extremely quiet operation.

Higher efficiency & power factor.

Applications:

Ideally suited where load requirements

are severe as in the case of compressors.

1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 9

MA
 4.) Shaded Pole Induction Motor

The laminated Shaded Pole has a slot cut across the laminations approximately one-third
distance from one edge. Around the small part of the pole is placed a short-circuited Cu
coil known as shading coil. This part of the pole is known as shaded part and the other as
unshaded part. When an alternating current is passed through the exciting (or field)
winding surrounding the whole pole, the magnetic axis of the pole shifts from the
unshaded part a to the shaded part.

1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 10

MA
In Fig. (a) exciting current is rapidly increasing along OA (shown by dots).
This will produce an e.m.f. in the shading coil. As shading coil is of low
resistance, a large current will be set up in such a direction (according to
Lenz’s law) as to oppose the rise of exciting current (which is responsible
for its production). Hence, the flux mostly shifts to the unshaded part
and the magnetic axis lies along the middle of this part i.e. along C.

Next, consider the moment when exciting current is near its peak value
i.e. from point A to B as shown in Fig. (b). Here, the change in exciting
current is very slow. Hence, practically no voltage and, therefore, no
current is induced in the shading coil. The flux produced by exciting
current is at its maximum value and is uniformly distributed over the
entire pole face. So the magnetic axis shifts to the centre of the pole
i.e. along position D.
1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 11
MA
Fig. (c) represents the condition when the exciting current is rapidly
decreasing from B to C. This again sets up induced current in the
shading coil by transformer action. This current will flow in such a
direction as to oppose this decrease in exciting current, with the result
that the flux is strengthened in the shaded part of the pole.
Consequently, the magnetic axis shifts to the middle part of the
shaded pole i.e. along E.

From the above discussion it can be observed that during the positive half-cycle of the
exciting current Ie, the N-pole shifts along the pole from the unshaded to the shaded part.
During the next negative half cycle of the exciting current, the S-pole trails along. The effect
is, as if a number of real poles were actually sweeping across the space from left to right.

1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 12

MA
Thus all the poles combinedly produce a revolving flux in the air gap, which can be observed
in the figure below showing 4-pole shaded pole motor:

Shading Coil Stator

Magnetic Axis

Shaded Pole

SHADED POLE INDUCTION MOTOR

1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR
MA
13
PROPERTIES:
Shaded pole motors are built commercially in very small sizes, varying approximately
from 3W to 125 W.
These motors are simple in construction, extremely rugged, reliable and cheap.

DISADVANTAGES:
Low starting torque
Very little overload capacity and
Low efficiency. Efficiencies vary from 5% (for tiny sizes) to 35 (for higher ratings)
The direction of rotation of this motor cannot be changed, because it is fixed by the
position of copper rings.
APPLICATIONS:
Small fans
Toys
Hair dryers
Ventilator
1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 14
MA
 Double Revolving Field Theory
According to his theory any alternating quantity can be resolved into two rotating
components which rotate in opposite directions. Each having magnitude equal to
the half of the maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity.

In case of single phase induction motor the stator winding produces an

alternating magnetic Field having maximum magnitude of φ1M.

According to Double Revolving Field Theory, the

two components of the stator flux are given by:

φf = φ1M/2--------- Forward Flux

φb = φ1M/2--------- Backward Flux

They are considered to be rotating in opposite

directions.
1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 15
MA
 Double Revolving Field Theory contd……

At the starting both the components (φf & φb) are opposite to each other as shown
in the figure. Due to φf & φb an EMF gets induced in the rotor which circulates
rotor current. This rotor current produces rotor flux.

This rotor flux interacts with φf & φb to produce Tf (Forward Torque) & Tb(Backward
Torque) respectively. These Torques Tf & Tb are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction at the time of starting.

Each Torque tries to rotate the rotor in its own direction.

The net Torque experienced by the rotor is ZERO at the starting, hence the single
phase motor is NON SELF STARTING.

1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 16

MA
 Double Revolving Field Theory contd……
The two oppositely directed torques and the resultant torque can be shown effectively with
the help of Torque – Speed Characteristics, shown in the figure below.

It can be seen that at start (i.e. at N=0) the resulting torque is zero at that point. So the single
phase motors are not self starting.

However if the motor is given an initial rotation in any direction, the resultant average torque
increases in the direction in which rotor is initially rotated and the motor starts rotating in
that direction.
1 Phase Induction Motor By: UMANG SHAR 17
MA