“This is a quote, words

full of wisdom that

someone important said
and that can inspire
anyone who reads them.”
—Someone Famous
INTRODUCTION
The introduction to a research paper presents your
topic, provides background, and details to your
research problem.

CARS MODEL

Creating A Research Space

The Creating a Research Space [C.A.R.S.] Model was developed by
John Swales. The model assumes that writers follow a general
organizational pattern in response to two types of challenges
[“competitions”] relating to establishing a presence within a particular
domain of research: 1) the competition to create a rhetorical space and, 2)
the competition to attract readers into that space.
CARS MODEL “MOVES”
Move 1: Establish a Research Territory
The research territory, or broad topic, is the context required to both understand and conduct the
research being explored. Your goal is to explain the current state of scholarship in the field and
answer the question, “Why is this general research area important?”
Move 2: Establish a Niche
The niche is the reason or motivation for the research. You are preparing your audience to understand
how your research relates to the background you have given, highlighting gaps/problems in current
knowledge that justify or explain the need for further investigation.
Methods for Establishing a Niche
• Make a counter-claim (something is wrong)
• Indicate a gap (something is missing)
• Raise a question or make an inference (something is unclear)
• Continue a tradition (adding something)
Move 3: Occupy the Niche
This step is an explanation of how you are responding to the need for further investigation. Explain
how your research addresses the need you identified in the previous step and list your specific
research objectives, questions, or methods.
Strategies for Occupying the Niche
• Outline purpose(s) of your research
• List research questions or hypotheses
• Announce principal research findings
• Indicate the structure of your research process
Move 1. Stress is an ever-present factor in the lives of university students, many of whom have
difficulty regulating stress and functioning to their fullest potential. Many individuals choose to relieve
their stress by listening to music, and stress relief as a result of music listening has been researched
through both physiological and self-perception studies. Music listening decreases physiological stress
by indirectly decreasing cortisol levels (a hormone linked to high stress levels) through a down-
regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis (Linnemann, Ditzen, Strahler, Doerr, &
Nater, 2015). Studies focused on self-perceived stress levels found that listening to music with the goal
of relaxation is significantly more effective than listening to music for the purpose of distraction
according to self-report measures (Linnemann et al., 2015). Move 2. While the positive relationship
between music listening and stress relief has been supported within the general population, little
research has been done to examine music’s effect on the mental health and stress levels of university
students in particular. University students exhibit a higher rate of both stress-induced depression and
anxiety than the general population due to the pressures of completing complex programs while often
living away from home for the first time (Hanser, 1985, p. 419; Regehr, Glancy, & Pitts, 2013). As a
result, student stress relief is a critical part of ensuring student wellbeing, especially with student
mental health at the forefront of many recent discussions among university faculty, staff, and
students. Move 3. This investigatory survey is the first step in a multi-stage study on how
undergraduate residents at Conrad Grebel University College use music in relation to stressful
situations, and how stress relief through music listening is perceived. We hypothesize that students will
report stress-relief as one of the primary reasons they choose to listen to music, and that they will
report choosing music they enjoy when they need to relieve stress. Patterns observed in student
responses will be used to determine specific research questions for further investigation, and research
on student stress relief could help to inform university policy makers on ways to create healthier
 CHAPTER I
The Problem and
It’s backgroud.
 INTRODUCTION
OR
BACKGROUND
01 OF THE STUDY
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
• Give a general introduction to the
topic for broad audience.
• Narrow the focus to your particular
topic. State the problem and its
importance.
 Problem and focused
General Introduction of the Study
Narrowed topic
 THEORETICAL
02 FRAMEWORK
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
It deals with theories that
serves building blocks or
skeleton for the foundation or
bases of the study.
Theoretical Framework

The study is based on Innatist Theory and Cognitivist Theory.

Noam Chomsky (1965) said that humans have an innate ability to acquire
language; they are genetically pre-programmed for it. In the study, we
tackle about how the students commit errors, thus by knowing that what
they have learned is based on what they acquired in their past
learning, we investigate what they have learned and connect it to what
errors they commit in reading. Cognitivist theory asserts that
children develop knowledge of the world and then “map” this knowledge
onto language categories and relations (Jean Piaget, 1968). In the
study, we decide that to know why students commit errors in reading.
We need to know their acquired knowledge and how they apply it in
their learning through reading. To see if their acquired knowledge is
correctly used or if it is the reason why they commit such errors.
 OBJECTIVE
OF THE
03 STUDY
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

I. What is the main aim of the study?

II. Explain your innovation here.
III. What problems does it solve?
 RESEARCH
QUESTION OR
STATEMENT OF
04 THE STUDY
RESEARCH QUESTION OR STATEMENT OF THE
STUDY

 Write here your statement of the

problem?
 How can you measure your output’s
efficiency and effectiveness?
 It refers to the critical issue that your
research seeks to address.
Statement of the Problem
The study attempted to identify common errors in reading. The
study sought to answer the following questions:
1. How may the respondents be characterized in terms of the
following:
a. language spoken at home;
b. occupation of parents;
c. number of professional siblings;
d. if they undergo reading tutorial;
e. time spent in oral reading at home;
f. time spent in television watching;
g. time spent in texting or social network;
and
h. reading materials read at home.
2. What are the errors commonly committed in reading by the
respondents?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the commitment of
reading errors of the students and the selected profile variables?
 SCOPES AND
LIMITATIONS
OF THE
05 STUDY
SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 What is the scope or extent of your study?

 What are its limitations? What did you not
include in the study?
 SIGNIFICANC
E OF THE
06 STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Who/ What will be benefited from your study?

Significance of the Study
Respondents. It will identify their errors committed in reading thus
making them to correct their errors and improve their reading skill.
It promotes them to good communication and proper reading that affect
their academic learning. The students can also identify if these
errors affect their learning, thus making them to focus on reducing
these errors in reading.
Teachers. They will get the data they need to promote better reading.
It gives them the data they needed where the students lacks in,
letting them to make a proper activities that will improve their
students skills.
Parents. They will get the proper information to promote better
communication for their children. The parents can be the implementers
of good communication and the motivation of the students to reduce the
errors they commit in reading.
Schools. They will get the proper data for the intervention program
that they can use to treat the reading errors committed by the
students.
 DEFINITION
07 OF TERMS
DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Are there terms that were frequently

and exclusively used in the study?
 Will they be technically or
operationally defined?