TRAUMATIC

BRAIN INJURY –
COGNITIVE
IMPAIRMENT
Nurulhuda binti Seffai
PBRH1/2023(08)-0023
01.
PENGENALA
N
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) adalah satu keadaan yang disebabkan oleh hentakan
kuat, pukulan, atau kejutan pada kepala atau badan, atau daripada objek yang
menembusi tengkorak dan memasuki otak. Tidak semua pukulan atau hentakan
pada kepala mengakibatkan TBI. Sesetengah jenis TBI boleh menyebabkan
masalah sementara atau jangka pendek dengan fungsi otak normal, termasuk
masalah dengan cara orang itu berfikir, memahami, bergerak, berkomunikasi dan
bertindak. TBI yang lebih serius boleh menyebabkan kehilangan upaya yang
teruk dan kekal, dan yang paling teruk lagi, kematian. Sesetengah kecederaan
dianggap utama, bermakna kerosakan adalah serta-merta. Hasil lain TBI boleh
menjadi sekunder, bermakna ia boleh berlaku secara beransur-ansur sepanjang
jam, hari, atau muncul beberapa minggu kemudian. Kecederaan otak sekunder
ini adalah hasil daripada proses reaktif yang berlaku selepas trauma kepala pada
awalnya.
Menurut artikel yang diterbitkan oleh Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
atau CDC (2023), di Amerika Syarikat, terdapat kira-kira 223,135 kes kemasukan
ke hospital berkaitan TBI pada 2019 dan 69,473 kematian berkaitan TBI pada
2021. Ini mewakili lebih daripada 611 kemasukan ke hospital berkaitan TBI dan
190 kematian berkaitan TBI setiap hari. Orang yang berumur 75 tahun ke atas
mempunyai bilangan dan kadar tertinggi kemasukan ke hospital dan kematian
berkaitan TBI di Amerika. Kumpulan umur ini menyumbang kira-kira 32% daripada
kemasukan ke hospital berkaitan TBI dan 28% daripada kematian berkaitan TBI.

Manakala menurut Jiang, J. Y. et al (2019) pula, lebih daripada 50 juta orang

mengalami TBI setiap tahun di seluruh dunia, dengan kira-kira separuh daripada
penduduk dunia berkemungkinan mempunyai satu atau lebih TBI sepanjang
perjalanan hidup mereka. Kematian TBI berasaskan populasi di China pula telah
dianggarkan lebih kurang 13 kes bagi setiap 100 000 penduduk dengan insiden
kemalangan jalan raya adalah punca yang paling biasa mengakibatkan TBI.
Melalui kajian yang dijalankan oleh Arulsamy, A. et al (2020), TBI adalah punca
utama kematian dan hilang upaya di seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 2009, Pangkalan
Data Trauma Kebangsaan Malaysia melaporkan bahawa hampir 80% daripada
trauma dalam penduduk di Malaysia adalah disebabkan oleh kemalangan jalan
raya, dengan 64% daripada kes ini berkaitan dengan TBI.

Terdapat dua jenis kecederaan kepala yang mengakibatkan TBI iaitu: Penetrating
dan Non – Penetrating.
Penetrating TBI (juga dikenali sebagai TBI terbuka) berlaku apabila objek
menembusi tengkorak (cth., peluru, serpihan, serpihan tulang, atau dengan
senjata seperti tukul atau pisau) dan memasuki tisu otak. Penetrating TBI biasanya
merosakkan hanya sebahagian daripada otak.
Non – Penetrating TBI (juga dikenali sebagai kecederaan kepala tertutup atau
TBI tumpul) disebabkan oleh daya luaran yang cukup kuat untuk menggerakkan
otak di dalam tengkorak. Antara puncanya termasuk terjatuh, kemalangan
kenderaan bermotor, kecederaan sukan, kecederaan letupan atau dilanggar objek.
Sesetengah kemalangan seperti letupan, bencana alam atau kejadian melampau
lain boleh menyebabkan penetrating dan non-penetrating TBI pada individu yang
sama.

Tahap keterukan TBI pula ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor yang berbeza, seperti
kehilangan kesedaran, gejala neurologi tertentu yang berlaku pada masa
kecederaan, kehilangan ingatan untuk kecederaan dan masa mengelilinginya, dan
kelainan pada CT scan atau MRI otak. Terdapat beberapa jenis dan gred TBI yang
berbeza:

Mild concussion (mTBI): Gegaran adalah jenis TBI yang paling biasa. Tiga
daripada 4 kes TBI yang dilaporkan setiap tahun adalah diakibatkan oleh gegaran
otak. mTBI ini boleh termasuk perubahan kesedaran ringkas seperti berasa
"terpegun" atau kehilangan kesedaran selama kurang daripada 30 minit. Orang
yang mempunyai mTBI boleh mengalami kekeliruan selama kira-kira satu hari.
TBI sederhana: Kecederaan kepala jenis ini dikaitkan dengan kehilangan
kesedaran selama lebih 30 minit tetapi kurang daripada satu hari. Kekeliruan boleh
berlarutan sehingga satu minggu.
TBI yang teruk: Individu yang mengalami kecederaan kepala jenis ini kehilangan
kesedaran selama lebih satu hari penuh. Kecederaan ini biasanya dikaitkan
dengan perubahan pada CT scan atau MRI otak.
TBI yang tidak rumit: Keputusan ujian CT scan/MRI otak adalah normal, tidak
kira gred ringan, sederhana atau teruk.
TBI yang rumit: Keputusan ujian CT scan atau MRI otak menunjukkan
perubahan, seperti pendarahan.
AWESOME
WORDS
AWESOM
E WORDS
A PICTURE IS WORTH
A THOUSAND WORDS
A PICTURE
IS WORTH A
THOUSAND
WORDS
THIS IS A MAP
VENUS
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

MARS
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place

EARTH
The Earth is the only planet
that harbors life
THIS IS A MAP

MARS VENUS
Despite being red, Venus is the second
Mars is actually a cold planet from the Sun
place

JUPITER SATURN
Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is a gas giant
planet in the Solar and has several rings
System
OUR CENTER
Do you know what helps you make your point
clear?
Lists like this one:

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And the most important thing: the audience will

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OUR CENTER
Do you know what helps you make your
point clear?
Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!
 MISSION VISION
Mercury is the smallest planet Neptune is the farthest planet
and the closest one to the Sun from the Sun. It's also the fourth-
largest
TWO COLUMNS

Mercury is the closest planet to

01. MERCURY the Sun and the smallest one of
them all

Venus has a beautiful name and

02. VENUS
is the second planet from the
Sun
MILESTONES REACHED
EARTH VENUS
It’s the third planet It has a beautiful name
from the Sun

2003-2005 2005-2007 2007-2009 2009-2011 2011-2012

PLUTO MERCURY MARS

It’s now considered a It’s the closest planet to It’s actually a cold
dwarf planet the Sun place
OUR HISTORY

MERCURY
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun 2003
JUPITER
Jupiter is the biggest planet
SATURN 2005 of them all

Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium 2007
NEPTUNE
Neptune is the farthest planet
2013 from the Sun
KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS

MERCURY VENUS MARS

Mercury is the closest planet to Venus has a beautiful name and Despite being red, Mars is
the Sun and the smallest one is the second planet from the actually a cold place. It's full of
Sun iron oxide dust
KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS

01. 02. 03.

MERCURY VENUS MARS
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful Despite being red, Mars
planet to the Sun and the name and is the second is actually a cold place.
smallest one planet from the Sun It's full of iron oxide dust
02. KEY
NUMBERS
You can enter a subtitle here if you
need it
KEY NUMBERS

120,000
Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet

30,000
Mars is actually a cold place

5,000
Mercury is the smallest of them all
 520,000
Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

1,000 20,000
Saturn is composed of hydrogen Mars is actually a cold place
OUR GRAPHS
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun and the smallest
one

VENUS
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet

MARS
* To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and
Despite being red, Mars is
paste the new graph here, replacing this one. actually a cold place full of
You can see how to modify the graph here iron oxide
OUR GRAPHS

MERCURY MARS
Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun and the actually a cold place full of
smallest one iron oxide

VENUS SATURN
Venus has a beautiful name Saturn has several rings.
and is the second planet It's composed mostly of
hydrogen

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 03.
PATIENT CARE
You can enter a subtitle here if you
need it
SERVICES

MERCURY MARS
Mercury is the closest planet to Despite being red, Mars is
the Sun and the smallest one actually a cold place. It's full of
iron oxide dust

VENUS NEPTUNE
Venus has a beautiful name and Neptune is the farthest planet
is the second planet from the from the Sun. It's also the
Sun fourth-largest
OUR SERVICES

MERCURY JUPITER
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

VENUS SATURN
Venus has extremely high temperatures Saturn is mostly composed of hydrogen

MARS PLUTO
Mars is actually a very cold place Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet

NEPTUNE EARTH
Neptune is a very far-away planet Earth is where we all live on
FOUR COLUMNS

MERCURY JUPITER MARS NEPTUNE

Mercury is the Jupiter is a gas giant Mars is actually a Neptune is a gas

closest planet to the and the biggest cold place, not hot. giant and the
Sun and the smallest planet in the Solar It's full of iron oxide farthest planet from
one System dust the Sun
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MEASURES

MERCURY MARS

Mercury is the smallest planet in the Jupiter is made of gas and it’s the biggest
JUPITER Solar System planet of them all

Venus is the second planet from the Saturn is a gas giant and has several
SATURN Sun rings

Despite being red, Mars is actually a Neptune is the farthest planet from the
VENUS cold place Sun
GOALS

VENUS MARS

GOAL 01 GOAL 02 GOAL 03 GOAL 04

Jupiter is the biggest Mars is actually a cold Mercury is the Jupiter is a gas giant and
planet place smallest planet it’s big
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can
make the reader get inspired.”

—SOMEONE FAMOUS
 A BRIEF STORY
Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. It's
composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. It
was named after the Roman god of wealth
A BRIEF STORY
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun. It’s hot
and has a poisonous atmosphere
OUR PROCESS

JUPITER MERCURY
Jupiter is a gas giant and the Mercury is the closest planet
biggest planet to the Sun

NEPTUNE PLUTO
Neptune is the farthest Pluto is considered a dwarf
planet from the Sun planet
OUR PROCESS
MERCURY NEPTUNE
Mercury is the closest Neptune is the farthest
planet to the Sun planet

02 04

01 03 05
MARS VENUS JUPITER
Mars is actually a very Venus is the second planet Jupiter is the biggest planet
cold place from the Sun in System
AWARDS

MERCURY VENUS MARS

Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
to the Sun and the smallest and is the second planet actually a cold place. It's full
one of iron oxide
AWARDS

01. MERCURY
Mercury is a very small
planet

02. VENUS
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

03. MARS
Mars is actually a very
cold place
PATIENT CARE
Neptune is the farthest planet from the
Sun. It's also the fourth-largest object
by diameter in the Solar System
INNOVATION
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one in the
Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
AREAS WE COVER

MERCURY VENUS MARS

Mercury is the closest planet to Venus is the second planet Mars is actually a very cold
the Sun from the Sun place

JUPITER SATURN NEPTUNE

Jupiter is the biggest planet of Saturn is composed of Neptune is the farthest planet
them all hydrogen and helium from the Sun
AREAS WE COVER

MERCURY VENUS
Mercury is the closest planet to Venus is the second planet
the Sun from the Sun

JUPITER SATURN
Jupiter is the biggest planet of Saturn is composed of
them all hydrogen and helium
SIX COLUMNS

MERCURY JUPITER
Mercury is the closest planet to Jupiter is the biggest planet of
the Sun them all

VENUS SATURN
Venus is the second planet Saturn is composed of
from the Sun hydrogen and helium

MARS NEPTUNE
Mars is actually a very cold Neptune is the farthest planet
place from the Sun
KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS

VENUS
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun
SATURN
Saturn is composed mostly
JUPITER of hydrogen
Jupiter is the biggest planet
in our System MARS
Despite being red, Mars is
actually cold
20,000,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
KEY ACTIONS

DONE TO DO
You can list here all the activities you would like to try

You can list here all the activities you would like to try

You can list here all the activities you would like to try

You can list here all the activities you would like to try

You can list here all the activities you would like to try

You can list here all the activities you would like to try
PATIENT SATISFACTION

JUPITER
20% 30% Jupiter is a gas giant and the
biggest planet
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun
NEPTUNE
50% Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
PATIENT SATISFACTION

Mercury is the closest planet

95%
to the Sun and the smallest
one in the Solar System—it’s
only a bit larger than the
Moon
KEY NUMBERS

50% 30% 20%

MERCURY JUPITER NEPTUNE

Mercury is the Jupiter is a gas giant Neptune is the
closest planet to the and the biggest farthest planet from
Sun planet the Sun
INNOVATIONS
MARS
Despite being red, Mars is actually a
cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust

VENUS
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun. It’s
terribly hot

MERCURY
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one in the Solar
System
PATIENT PROFILE

75% 55%
Old Retired
women person

Mercury is the smallest

75% one in the Solar System
Online —it’s only a bit larger
shopping than our Moon
MEDICAL CARE

JUPITER MERCURY
Jupiter is a gas Mercury is the
giant and the closest planet to
biggest planet the Sun

NEPTUNE PLUTO
Neptune is the Pluto is now
farthest planet from considered a dwarf
the Sun planet
OUR TEAM

JENNA DOE TIMMY JIMMY

You can talk a bit about this You can talk a bit about this
person here person here
OUR TEAM

JENNA DOE TIMMY JIMMY EMILY ROSE

You can talk a bit about this You can talk a bit about this You can talk a bit about this
person here person here person here
TESTIMONIALS

“Mercury is the closest planet “Despite being red, Mars is

to the Sun” actually a cold place”

JENNA DOE, 25 JOHN JAMES, 36

“Venus is the second planet “Neptune is the farthest planet

from the Sun” from the Sun”

FRED BLOGGS, 31 HELENA SMITH, 58

TESTIMONIALS

“Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun” JENNA DOE, 25

“Venus is the second planet from the Sun” FRED BLOGGS, 31
“Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place” JOHN JAMES, 36
“Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun” HELENA SMITH, 58
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