GRADE 1 PUMPS

OVERVIEW
1.Fluid mechanics and hydraulic principles
2.Pumping principles
3.Overview of common pump types
4.Centrifugal pumps
5.Positive displacement pumps
6.Operation and maintenance
7.Cavitation
8.Water hammer
 FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES
• Fluid Dynamics is the sub-discipline of fluid mechanics that
deals with fluid flow (a fluid in motion)
• Hydraulics is the engineering science pertaining to liquid
pressure and flow
 FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES
• Pressure – The application of continuous force by one body
upon another expressed in force per unit area
• Atmospheric pressure – Pressure exerted by the atmosphere
at any specific location
• Gauge pressure – Pressure differential above (or below)
atmospheric pressure
 FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES
Atmospheric pressure:
Sea level = 14.7 pounds per square in (psi)
Denver, CO = 12.0 psi
 FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES
• Head is the height of a column of fluid above a given point
expressed in linear units and is often used to indicate gauge
pressure
• Static head is the head required to overcome a difference in
elevation between two given points
• Friction head is the head required to overcome the friction
force between a fluid and the inner surface of a pipe as the
fluid moves through the pipe
• Velocity head is the energy required by the pump and
motor to overcome inertia and bring the fluid up to speed
 FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES
• Total Dynamic Head = Static Head + Friction Head + Velocity
Head
• Head is typically expressed in feet of water
• 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water
 PUMPING PRINCIPLES
• Moving fluid is essential to the collection and treatment of
sewage
• A fluid can only move by gravity on its own
• Energy must be added to a fluid for it to overcome gravity
• A pump is used to add energy to a fluid
• A pump is a machine used for the purpose of transferring
liquids, gases, and even solids from one location to another
 OVERVIEW OF COMMON PUMP TYPES
• Two general categories
• Rotodynamic – Transfers rotating mechanical energy into
kinetic energy in the form of fluid velocity and pressure
• Positive Displacement – Directly displaces fluid in discrete
volumes from pump inlet to outlet
OVERVIEW OF COMMON PUMP TYPES
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING PRINCIPLE
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING PRINCIPLE
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PARTS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP IMPELLERS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP IMPELLERS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP SHAFT SEALING
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CONFIGURATIONS

Close-coupled

Flex coupled
OVERVIEW OF COMMON PUMP TYPES
ROTARY LOBE PUMPING PRINCIPLE
DIAPHRAGM PUMPING PRINCIPLE
PERISTALTIC PUMPING PRINCIPLE
PROGRESSIVE CAVITY PUMPING PRINCIPLE
 PUMP OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
• Periodic inspection to check for seal and other leaks, loose
bolts, abnormal noises and vibrations
• Lubricate bearings per the manufacturer’s
recommendations on time intervals as well as proper
lubricants
• Ensure all inlet and outlet valves are open
• Ensure pump is primed and all air is evacuated
 CAVITATION PRINCIPLES
• Cavitation is the formation and subsequent collapse of
vapor bubbles in a pump
• Vapor bubble formation is the result of a pressure drop
between the pump suction and the eye of the impeller
below the saturation pressure for the fluid being pumped
• Vapor bubbles are swept along the vanes of the impeller
and collapse when they enter a region of higher pressure
 CAVITATION EFFECTS
• Excess noise and vibration
• Noise sounds like marbles in the pump
• Physical shock to the leading edges of the impeller vanes
causing pitting
• Fluctuating discharge pressure and flow rate
CAVITATION DAMAGE
 WATER HAMMER PRINCIPLES
• Water hammer is a pressure surge that can arise in any
pumping system which undergoes an abrupt change in its
flow rate
• Pumping starting and stopping
• Opening and closing valves
• Water column separation and closure
• A shockwave passes back and forth within the system and
gradually dissipates
WATER HAMMER PRINCIPLES
QUESTIONS?