Hydraulic Machines

Pumps Turbines

Positive displacement Rotodynamic

Reciprocating pump Centrifugal pump

 Pumps

• Device to increase the pressure energy of a liquid

• Used to lift liquid from a lower level to higher level

• This is achieved by a low pressure at the inlet of the pump

• Due to high pressure at the outlet liquid is pumped to a height

 Reciprocating pump
• Is a positive displacement pump in which required pressure at inlet an the
required pressure at the outlet is obtained from the reciprocating motion of
the piston or plunger.

• The main parts are

• Cylinder
• Piston
• Piston rod
• Connecting rod
• Crank
• Suction and delivery pipe
• Valves.
 Working
• Movement of piston towards the right creates a vacuum inside the
cylinder.
• Atmospheric pressure forces the liquid up through the suction pipe
into the cylinder.
• During the movement of piston towards the left, liquid is pushed into
the delivery pipe.
• The suction and delivery pipes are provided with non return valves.
• The movement of piston inside the cylinder is obtained connecting
the piston rod to a crank by means of a connecting rod.
• The crank is rotated using an electric motor.
• Thus when the crank rotates, the piston reciprocates inside the
cylinder.
 Centrifugal pump

• A rotodynamic pump in which a low pressure at the inlet and high

pressure at the outlet of the pump is obtained by the centrifugal
action.
• When certain mass of liquid is made to rotate be an external force,
it is thrown away fro the axis of rotation and a centrifugal head is
developed and which helps the liquid to rise to a higher level.

• In centrifugal pumps, in addition to centrifugal action, as the liquid

passes through the rotating impeller, the angular momentum of the
liquid changes.
• Which also results in increasing the pressure of the liquid.
• The major components are
• Impeller
• Casing
• Delivery pipe
• Suction pipe
• Foot valve and strainer.
 Impeller
• Wheel or rotor which is provided with
number of curved blades or vanes.
• It is mounted on a shaft which is coupled to
an electric motor.
• Casing is an air tight chamber which
surrounds the impeller.
• The shape of the casing is such that the cross
sectional area of flow around the periphery
of the impeller gradually increases towards
the delivery pipe.
• The gradual increase in area reduces the
velocity of the liquid leaving the impeller and
hence increases the pressure.
 Casing
• Casing is an air tight chamber which
surrounds the impeller.
• The shape of the casing is such that the cross
sectional area of flow around the periphery
of the impeller gradually increases towards
the delivery pipe.
• The gradual increase in area reduces the
velocity of the liquid leaving the impeller and
hence increases the pressure.
• The suction pipe is connected to the
center of the impeller and the sump.

• Lower part of the suction pipe is fitted

with foot valve, which is a non return
valve.
 Priming
• Filling the suction pipe and casing with the liquid to be pumped is known as
priming.
• It is required to remove air and vapour from the suction pipe and casing.
• Vacuum created at the eye of the impeller is proportional to the density of
the liquid that is in contact with the impeller.
• If the impeller is made to rotate in the presence of air, the vacuum created
in the suction pipe may not be sufficient to lift the liquid from the sump.
• A forced vortex is produced when impeller rotates with fluid which imparts
centrifugal head to the fluid.
• This results in an increase in pressure.
Comparison of centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
Centrifugal Reciprocating
Based on centrifugal action Based on reciprocating action
Suitable for large discharge and low heads Suitable for high heads and low discharge
Initial cost is less High initial cost
Compact and occupies less floor space More floor space is required
Needs priming No priming is required
Wear and tear is less Wear and tear is more
Can handle slurry and viscous fluids Not suitable to handle slurry, muddy water.
 Hydraulic Turbines

• Device which converts energy from water into mechanical energy.

• Turbine runs generator which converts mechanical energy to

electrical energy.

• Turbine consists of a wheel called runner provided with a number of

curved blades(vanes) on its periphery.
Based on action of water in the RUNNER turbines are classified into

HYDRAULIC TURBINES

IMPULSE REACTION

Eg. PELTON WHEEL TURBINE Eg. FRANCIS & KAPLAN Trbines

 IMPULSE TURBINE

• The potential energy of water is converted into kinetic energy by NOZZLES

• This provided powerful jets impinging on the vanes(buckets) provided on a

wheel.

• The wheel is fixed to a shaft.

• The shaft is coupled with the generator.

 PELTON WHEEL
• Most commonly used hydraulic turbines.

• Nozzle produces the water jets.

• Spear head controls the opening of the nozzle., Which controls the velocity of jet.

• The water jet strikes the buckets provided on the wheel.

• The energy is imparted to the turbine wheel.

• Water then discharge into the tail race.

 Reaction Turbine
• The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is pressure energy.
• Water does work on the vanes of the turbine by the principle of reaction.
• A reaction force is generated by the fluid moving on the runner blades.
• The reaction force produced on the runner blades makes the runner to
rotate.
• Fluid after moving over the runner blades enters into draft tube and finally
to the trail race.
 FRANCIS TURBINE
• Most commonly used hydraulic turbines.
• Consists of an inner rotating vanes forms the
runner.
• Surrounded by an outer ring having guide
vanes.
• Which are enclosed in a casing.
• Water from penstock enters the spiral casing.
• From casing water flows through the guide
mechanism and enters the runner.
• After imparting energy, water discharges to
the tail race.
FRANCIS TURBINE RUNNER
 KAPLAN TURBINE
• Axial flow reaction turbine (low head)
• Water flows parallel to the axis of
rotation of the shaft.
• Shaft of the turbine is vertical
• Lower end is made larger which is known
as boss or hub.
• Vanes are fixed on the HUB.
• From the guide vanes, water turn
through 900 and flows axially through
the runner.
KAPLAN TURBINE RUNNER