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Introduction

Machine Learning (ML)

Md. Nur-A-Alam, Assistant Professor, DIU


CONTENTS

Objectives

Introduction of Machine Learning

Differentiate between AI, ML, DL

Classification of ML

Life cycle of ML

Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

AI: a program that can sense,


reason, act and adapt.
ML: that can learn from data
and generalize to unseen
data, and thus perform tasks
without explicit instructions

DL: subset of machine


learning in which
multilayered neural networks
learn from vast amounts of
data.
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INTRODUCTION to AI

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence,


where Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking power.“

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent


machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to
make decisions."

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Comparison of Neural Network and Human
Neuron

A regular neural network looks like this:

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Difference Between ML and DL

 Deep Learning is a set of algorithms inspired by the structure and function of the human
brain. It uses a huge amount of structured as well as unstructured data to teach
computers and predicts accurate results. The main difference between machine
learning and deep learning technologies is of presentation of data. Machine learning
uses structured/unstructured data for learning, while deep learning uses neural
networks for learning models.

 In machine learning, if a model predicts inaccurate results, then we need to fix it


manually. Further, in deep learning techniques, these problems get fixed
automatically, and we do not need to do anything explicitly. A self-driving vehicle is
one of the best examples to understand deep learning.
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INTRODUCTION to ML

 In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything from their
experiences with their learning capability, and we have computers or machines which
work on our instructions. But can a machine also learn from experiences or past data
like a human does? So here comes the role of Machine Learning.

• Machine Learning is basically the study/process which provides the


system(computer) to learn automatically on its own through experiences. ML
focuses on the development of programs so that it can access data to use it for itself.
The entire process makes observations on data to identify the possible patterns being
formed and make better future decisions as per the examples provided to them

The major aim of ML is to allow the systems to learn by themselves


through experience without any kind of human intervention or 7
assistance.
Machine Learning (ML)

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How does Machine Learning work

Firstly, machine learning access a huge amount of data using data pre-processing. This data
can be either structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. Further, this data is fed through
some techniques and algorithms to machines, and then based on previous trends; it predicts
the outputs automatically.

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How does Machine Learning work

Output
Healthy
VGG19,
VGG16, Make a
Alexnet, Pattern New Input
Gender M Age 28
ResNet50
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Classification of Machine Learning

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Supervised Machine Learning

In supervised learning, sample labeled data are provided to the machine learning system for
training, and the system then predicts the output based on the training data.

The system uses labeled data to build a model that understands the datasets and learns
about each one

Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:

•Classification
•Regression
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Examples of Supervised Machine Learning

Example — Consider the following data regarding patients entering a clinic . The data
consists of the gender and age of the patients and each patient is labeled as “healthy” or
“sick”.

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Diagram of Supervised Machine Learning

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Types of supervised Machine learning

Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:

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Types of supervised Machine learning

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Regression

Regression algorithms are used if there is a relationship between the input variable
and the output variable. It is used for the prediction of continuous variables,
such as Weather forecasting, Market Trends, etc. Below are some popular
Regression algorithms which come under supervised learning:

•Linear Regression
•Regression Trees
•Non-Linear Regression
•Bayesian Linear Regression
•Polynomial Regression

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Regression

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Classification

Classification algorithms are used when the output variable is categorical, which
means there are two classes such as Yes-No, Male-Female, True-false, etc.

•Random Forest
•Decision Trees
•Logistic Regression
•Support vector Machines

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Classification

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Unsupervised Machine Learning

The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not been labeled,
classified, or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on that data without any
supervision.

A model can identify, patterns anomalies and relationship in the input data.

It can be further classifieds into two categories of algorithms:

• Clustering
• Association

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Example of Unsupervised Machine Learning

I Separate batsman, bowlers, all-rounders from 1000 crickets.


If a player has more runs, say batsman. If a player has more wickets, he is called a bowler.
If a player has more than two, he is called an all-rounder

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Diagram of Unsupervised Machine Learning

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Types of Unsupervised Machine Learning

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Types of Unsupervised ML (Clustering )

 Clustering is an unsupervised task which involves grouping the similar data points

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Types of Unsupervised ML (Association)

 Association is an unsupervised task that is used to find important relationship


between data points.

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Reinforcement Machine Learning

 Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning agent


gets a reward for each right action and gets a penalty for each wrong action.

 The agent learns automatically with these feedbacks and improves its performance. In
reinforcement learning, the agent interacts with the environment and explores it.

 The goal of an agent is to get the most reward points, and hence, it improves its
performance.

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Reinforcement Machine Learning

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Applications of Machine learning

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Machine learning Life cycle

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Machine learning Life cycle (Gathering Data)

Data Gathering is the first step of the machine learning life cycle. The goal of this step
is to identify and obtain all data-related problems. In this step, we need to identify the
different data sources, as data can be collected from various sources such
as files, database, internet, or mobile devices.

This step includes the below tasks:

•Identify various data sources


•Collect data
•Integrate the data obtained from different sources
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Machine learning Life cycle (Data preparation)

After collecting the data, we need to prepare it for further steps. Data preparation is a step
where we put our data into a suitable place and prepare it to use in our machine learning
training.

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Machine learning Life cycle (Data Wrangling)

Data wrangling is the process of cleaning and converting raw data into a useable format. It
is the process of cleaning the data, selecting the variable to use, and transforming the data in
a proper format to make it more suitable for analysis in the next step. It is one of the most
important steps of the complete process. Cleaning of data is required to address the quality
issues.

•Missing Values
•Duplicate data
•Invalid data
•Noise

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Machine learning Life cycle (Data Analysis)

The aim of this step is to build a machine learning model to analyze the data using
various analytical techniques and review the outcome. It starts with the determination of
the type of the problems, where we select the machine learning techniques such
as Classification, Regression, Cluster analysis, Association, etc.

Now the cleaned and prepared data is passed on to the analysis step. This step
involves:

•Selection of analytical techniques


•Building models
•Review the result 3
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Machine learning Life cycle (Train Model)

Now the next step is to train the model, in this step we train our model to improve its
performance for better outcome of the problem.

We use datasets to train the model using various machine learning algorithms. Training
a model is required so that it can understand the various patterns, rules, and, features.

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Machine learning Life cycle (Test Model)

Once our machine learning model has been trained on a given dataset, then we test the
model. In this step, we check for the accuracy of our model by providing a test dataset
to it.

Testing the model determines the percentage accuracy of the model as per the
requirement of project or problem.

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Machine learning Life cycle (Deployment)

The last step of machine learning life cycle is deployment, where we deploy the model
in the real-world system.

If the above-prepared model is producing an accurate result as per our requirement with
acceptable speed, then we deploy the model in the real system. But before deploying the
project, we will check whether it is improving its performance using available data or
not. The deployment phase is similar to making the final report for a project.

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