MACHINE LEARNING

AYEBALE CHARITY
20/U/0412

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 Contents
1) What is Machine Learning?

2) Why machine learning?

3) Steps in machine learning.

4) Types of machine Learning.

5) Applications of Machine Learning.

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 What is Machine Learning?
 Machine Learning is the study of methods for
programming computers to learn.

 Building machines that automatically learn from

experience.

 Machine learning usually refers to the changes in

systems that perform tasks associated with
artificial intelligence, AI. Such tasks involve
recognition, diagnosis, planning, robot control,
prediction, etc.

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 What is Machine Learning?

Learning Trained
algorithm machine

TRAINING
DATA Answer

Query
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Why machine learning?
 Automation of complex and repetitive tasks
 Efficiency
 Insight generation
 Personalization
 Optimization
 Adaptability
 Scalability
 Innovation

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 Steps in machine learning
1) Data collection.

2) Representation.

3) Modeling.

4) Estimation.

5) Validation.

6) Apply learned model to new “test” data

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General structure of a learning system
Learning system

Data Learning Feed-back

Process

Problem Solving

Teacher
Results

Performance
Evaluation

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 Advantages of ML
1) Can capture complex relationships/functions including
non-linear relationships that may model the underlying
process more effectively.
2) Solving vision problems through statistical inference.
3) Can handle very large datasets obtained from different
sources e.g., multi-omics, in-situ spectra.
4) Intelligence from the common sense AI.
5) Reducing the constraints over time achieving complete
autonomy.
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 Disadvantages of ML
1) Large amounts of data are usually required for efficient
model training
2) Often slow to optimize – may need high computational
power
3) Complicated to set up and therefore can often be
incorrectly
4) Application specific algorithms.

5) Real world problems have too many variables and

sensors might be too noisy.

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 Types of machine Learning
1) Unsupervised Learning .

2) Semi-Supervised (reinforcement).

3) Supervised Learning.

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 Unsupervised Learning
 Studies how input patterns can be represented to
reflect the statistical structure of the overall
collection of input patterns
 No outputs are used (unlike supervised learning
and reinforcement learning)
 Learner is provided only unlabeled data.
 No feedback is provided from the environment

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 Unsupervised Learning

 Advantage
 Most of the laws of science were developed
through unsupervised learning.

 Disadvantage
 The identification of the features itself is a
complex problem in many situations.

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Semi-Supervised (reinforcement)
 It is in between Supervised and Unsupervised
learning techniques the amount of labeled and
unlabeled data required for training.
 With the goal of reducing the amount of
supervision required compared to supervised
learning.
 At the same time improving the results of
unsupervised clustering to the expectations of the
user.

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Semi-Supervised (reinforcement)

 Semi-supervised learning is an area of increasing

importance in Machine Learning.
 Automatic methods of collecting data make it
more important than ever to develop methods to
make use of unlabeled data.

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 Supervised Learning
1) Analogical learning.

2) Learning by decision tree.

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 Analogical Learning
Analogical learning in machine learning refers to the
process of learning from analogies or similarities
between different tasks, domains, or concepts. This
approach is inspired by human cognition, where we
often learn by recognizing similarities between
different situations or concepts and applying
knowledge from one context to another.

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 Learning by Decision Tree
Decision tree learning is a popular machine learning
technique used for both classification and regression tasks.
Decision trees are a type of supervised learning algorithm
that learns a series of hierarchical decision rules based on
the features of the input data.
Decision trees have several advantages, including simplicity,
interpretability, and the ability to handle both numerical
and categorical data.

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Applications of machine learning
 Drug delivery
 Medical diagnosis
 Iris verification
 Hand-written digits
 Radar imaging
 Speech, face, and target recognition
 Finger print
 Traffic monitoring
 Signature verification
 Robotics vision
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Thank you
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