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Geometric Dimensioning
Dimensioning
and
and Tolerancing
Tolerancing (GD&T)
(GD&T)
MANAGEMENT
DESIGN
VENDORS
SALES PRICING
TOOLING
PURCHASING PLANNING
CUSTOMERS
PRODUCTION
SERVICE ROUTING
INSPECTION
ASSEMBLY
GD&T is a means of
dimensioning & tolerancing
a drawing which considers
the function of the part and
how this part functions
with related parts.
– This allows a drawing to
contain a more defined
feature more accurately,
without increasing tolerances.
GD&T
GD&T cont’d
cont’d
GD&T has increased in practice in
last 15 years because of ISO
9000.
– ISO 9000 requires not only that something
be required, but how it is to be controlled.
For example, how round does a round
feature have to be?
GD&T is a system that uses
standard symbols to indicate
tolerances that are based on the
feature’s geometry.
– Sometimes called feature based
dimensioning & tolerancing or true
position dimensioning & tolerancing
GD&T practices are specified in
ANSI Y14.5M-1994.
For
For Example
Example
Given Table Height
Assume all 4 legs will be
cut to length at the same
time.
However, all surfaces have a degree of
waviness, or smoothness. For
example, the surface of a 2 x 4 is
much wavier (rough) than the surface
of a piece of glass.
– As the table height is dimensioned, the
following table would pass inspection.
or
.06
.06
.06
28
27
26
WHY
WHY IS
IS GD&T
GD&T IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
Saves money
– For example, if large number
of parts are being made –
GD&T can reduce or eliminate
inspection of some features.
– Provides “bonus” tolerance
Ensures design, dimension, and
tolerance requirements as they
relate to the actual function
Ensures interchangeability of
mating parts at the assembly
Provides uniformity
It is a universal understanding of
the symbols instead of words
WHEN
WHEN TO
TO USE
USE GD&T
GD&T
SIZE DIMENSION
WHAT DOES
THIS MEAN?
2.007
2.003
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
A variation in form is allowed
between the least material
condition (LMC) and the
maximum material condition
(MMC).
SIZE DIMENSION
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
MMC
(2.007)
LMC
(2.003)
ENVELOPE OF SIZE
Envelop Principle defines the
size and form relationships
between mating parts.
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
LMC
CLEARANCE
MMC
ALLOWANCE
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
The actual size of the feature at
any cross section must be
within the size boundary.
ØMMC
ØLMC
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
TYPE OF TYPE OF
CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL
FEATURE TOLERANCE
FLATNESS
INDIVIDUAL STRAIGHTNESS
(No Datum FORM
Reference) CIRCULARITY
CYLINDRICITY
PERPENDICULARITY
ORIENTATION ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM
RELATED
FEATURES CIRCULAR RUNOUT
(Datum RUNOUT
Reference TOTAL RUNOUT
Required)
CONCENTRICITY
LOCATION POSITION
SYMMETRY
Characteristics
Characteristics && Symbols
Symbols
cont’d.
cont’d.
GEOMETRIC SYMBOL
TOLERANCE INFORMATION
DATUM REFERENCES
COMPARTMENT VARIABLES
THE
RELATIVE TO
OF THE FEATURE
MUST BE WITHIN
CONNECTING WORDS
Feature
Feature Control
Control Frame
Frame
Uses feature control frames to
indicate tolerance
Applied to surface.
Applied to axis
Placement
Placement of
of Feature
Feature
Control
Control Frames
Frames Cont’d.
Cont’d.
Ø .500±.005
Basic
Basic Dimension
Dimension
A theoretically exact size, profile,
orientation, or location of a feature or
datum target, therefore, a basic
dimension is untoleranced.
Most often used with position,
angularity, and profile)
Basic dimensions have a rectangle
surrounding it.
1.000
Basic
Basic Dimension
Dimension
cont’d.
cont’d.
Form
Form Features
Features
Individual Features
No Datum Reference
Flatness Straightness
Circularity Cylindricity
Form
Form Features
FeaturesExamples
Examples
Flatness as stated on
drawing: The flatness of the
feature must be within .06
tolerance zone.
0.500 ±.005
.003
0.500 ±.005
Form
Form Features
FeaturesExamples
Examples
Straightness applied to the surface of a
diameter: The straightness of the feature must
be within .003 tolerance zone.
.003
0.500
0.505
0.500
0.505 .030 M
1.010
0.990
Dial
Dial Indicator
Indicator
DIAL INDICATOR
BEZEL
CASE
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
12
CLAMP
PROBE
Verification
Verification of
of Flatness
Flatness
Activity
Activity 13
13
– Total Runout
Location
– Position
– Concentricity
– Symmetry
Datum
Datum
Datums are features (points, axis, and
planes) on the object that are used as
reference surfaces from which other
measurements are made. Used in
designing, tooling, manufacturing,
inspecting, and assembling
components and sub-assemblies.
– As you know, not every GD&T feature
requires a datum, i.e., Flat
1.000
Datums
Datums cont’d.
cont’d.
Datums on a drawing of a
part are represented using
the symbol shown below.
Datum
Datum Reference
Reference Symbols
Symbols
The datum feature symbol
identifies a surface or feature
of size as a datum.
A A
A
ANSI 1982
ASME 1994
Ø .500±.005
Ø .500±.005
TWELVE
TWELVE DEGREES
DEGREES OF
OF FREEDOM
FREEDOM
UP
LEFT BACK
6 LINEAR AND
6 ROTATIONAL
DEGREES OF
FREEDOM
FRONT RIGHT
DOWN
UNRESTRICTED FREE
MOVEMENT IN SPACE
Example
Example Datums
Datums
Datums must be
perpendicular to each other
– Primary
– Secondary
– Tertiary Datum
Primary
Primary Datum
Datum
A primary datum is selected
to provide functional
relationships, accessibility,
and repeatability.
– Functional Relationships
» A standardization of size is desired in
the manufacturing of a part.
» Consideration of how parts are
orientated to each other is very
important.
– For example, legos are made in a
standard size in order to lock into
place. A primary datum is chosen
to reference the location of the
mating features.
– Accessibility
» Does anything, such as, shafts, get in
the way?
Primary
Primary Datum
Datum cont’d.
cont’d.
– Repeatability
For example, castings, sheet
metal, etc.
» The primary datum chosen must
insure precise measurements.
The surface established must
produce consistent
» Measurements when producing
many identical parts to meet
requirements specified.
Primary
Primary Datum
Datum
Restricts 6 degrees of freedom
PROBE
GRANITE
Z SURFACE
PLATE
DATUM
REFERENCE
FRAME
Size
Size Datum
Datum
(CIRCULAR)
(CIRCULAR)
THIS ON
THE DRAWING
MEANS THIS
SIMULATED DATUM-
SMALLEST
PART CIRCUMSCRIBED
CYLINDER
DATUM AXIS
Size
Size Datum
Datum
(CIRCULAR)
(CIRCULAR)
THIS ON
THE DRAWING
MEANS THIS
SIMULATED DATUM-
LARGEST
PART INSCRIBED
DATUM AXIS A CYLINDER
Orientation
Orientation Tolerances
Tolerances
– Perpendicularity
– Angularity
– Parallelism
Controls the orientation of
individual features
Datums are required
Shape of tolerance zone: 2
parallel lines, 2 parallel planes, and
cylindrical
PERPENDICULARITY:
PERPENDICULARITY:
is the condition of a surface, center plane, or
axis at a right angle (90°) to a datum plane or
axis.
Ex:
The perpendicularity of
this surface must be
within a .005 tolerance
zone relative to datum A.
BOTTOM SURFACE
Practice
Practice Problem
Problem
Plane 1 must be
perpendicular within .005
tolerance zone to plane 2
BOTTOM PLANE
Practice
Practice Problem
Problem
2.00±.01
.02 Tolerance
2.00±.01
.005 Tolerance
Zone
.02 Tolerance
±0.01
Activity
Activity 13
13 Cont’d.
Cont’d.
– Position
– Concentricity
– Symmetry
Position
Position Tolerance
Tolerance
A position tolerance is the total
permissible variation in the location of
a feature about its exact true position.
For cylindrical features, the position
tolerance zone is typically a cylinder
within which the axis of the feature
must lie.
For other features, the center plane
of the feature must fit in the space
between two parallel planes.
The exact position of the feature is
located with basic dimensions.
The position tolerance is typically
associated with the size tolerance of
the feature.
Datums are required.
Coordinate
Coordinate System
System Position
Position
Consider the following hole dimensioned with
coordinate dimensions:
2.000
.750
Several Problems:
– Two points, equidistant from true position may not
be accepted.
– Total tolerance diagonally is .014, which may be
more than was intended.
Coordinate
Coordinate System
System Position
Position
Consider the following hole dimensioned with
coordinate dimensions:
Center can be
anywhere along
the diagonal
line.
2.000
.750
Several Problems:
– Two points, equidistant from true position may not
be accepted.
– Total tolerance diagonally is .014, which may be
more than was intended. (1.4 Xs >, 1.4*.010=.014)
Position
Position Tolerancing
Tolerancing
Consider the same hole, but add
GD&T:
MMC =
.500 - .003 = .497
Ø .504 ? ?
Shaft
GT = GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCE
PERPENDICULARITY
PERPENDICULARITY Cont’d.
Cont’d.
Worksheet GD&T 6