 HEALTH PLANNING

02/01/2024 set by mulugeta M 1

 Out line of the presentation
Types of health planning
Elements health planning
Principles health planning
Advantages/disadvantages of Planning
Planning tools (SWOT analysis,
Why plan fails

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 Session Objectives
 After completion of this session, students will
be able to:
 Define what is health planning
 Explain nature of health planning
 Describe advantage of Planning
 Identify types of health planning
 Describe elements of strategic health planning
 Describe why plans fail

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 Introduction
There is no real excellence in all this world which can be
separated from right living (D.jordan).
So to leave right you have to lead your life by planning
What is the key to being successful leader ?
What separate people (leader) who achieve much from
those who merely get by? It is what they do every day.
The secrete your success can be found in your daily
agenda.
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 Introduction

It is possible to be busy , very busy without being

very effective
When we are busy , we naturally believe that we
are achieving .
But busyness does not equal productivit. Activity
is not accomplishment

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 Introduction……..
 The truly effective leader has the two key focusing powers- priorities
and concentration.
 A leader who knows his priorities but lacks concentrations knows what
to do but never gets it done.
 If he has the concentrations but no priorities , he has excellence with out
progress.
 But when he harnesses both he has the potential to achieve great things.
 Effective leader who reach their potential spend more time focusing on
what they do well than on what they do wrong .
 That is where you should pour your time energy and resources.
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 Planning
Planning: is the management function that determines in advance
what should be done.
It is looking ahead and preparing for the future.
Plan is a specific documented intention consisting of an objective
(end) and an action statement (means).
 Planning is the purposive exercise & conscious determination
of a future course of action to achieve the desired results.
 I know of no more encouraging facts than the unquestionable

ability of man to elevate his life by conscious endeavor .

 Conscience –a deep awareness of rightsetand wrong
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 Planning
Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do ,
who will do it and with what to do it and how results are
to be evaluated.
Planning is the first step of management process

It is a prerequisite for effective management.

Individuals and organization activity without plan is
ineffective.

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Some Quotes About Planning
“Men don't plan to fail, they fail to plan." William J Siegel

 "Plans are nothing; planning is everything."

“Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first four sharpening
the axe.” Abraham Lincoln

““if you don’t know where you are going no road will get you there”.” Steve
Maraboli

“Nobody ever wrote down a plan to be lazy or stupid. Those things are just what
happens to you when you don’t have a plan.” Marlan Rico Lee

“If you are not on the right way, what is the value of your running? ” German 9
Planning…..

Health planning is the process of :-

o defining community health problems,
◦ Identifying unmet needs,

◦ Surveying the resources to meet them,

◦ Establishing priority goals that are feasible and

◦ Projecting administrative action to accomplish the purpose of

proposed program.

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 Nature Of Planning

The nature of planning can be highlighted by studying its

characteristics. They are as follows:
(a) Planning is a mental activity.
(b) Planning is goal-oriented.

c) Planning is forward looking.

d)Planning pervades all managerial activity.

(e) Planning is the primary function.

(f) Planning is based on facts.
(g) Planning is flexible.
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Advantages of Planning
 It gives direction to managers and non-managers.
 Planning can reduce the impact of change.
 It minimize waste and redundancy.
 Reduces mistakes and oversights .
 Reduces unnecessary pressures of immediacy.
 Increases effectiveness of a manager.
 Helps the organization remain more competitive.
 Makes control easier.
 Minimizes uncertainty
 Emphasis on objectives
 Promotes coordination
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The 80/20 Principle (Pareto Analysis)

◦ In a non-planning environment is that 80% of the effort tends to

achieve 20% of the results.
◦ By planning we can reverse this to 20% of the effort achieving
80% of the results.
◦ Preparing Checklist for our daily activities increase our
successfulness by 20% .
 A one hour time planning (preparing check list)will save ten
hours
 We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence , then not an act ,a
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 Types of Planning
 Planning could be classified based on different characteristics
 Based on scope/breadth: The scope of planning refers to the level at which planning is to be carried

out .

What is the target client ?

◦ Population planning

◦ Institution planning

◦ Program planning

◦ Project planning

◦ What is the target geographical area ?

◦ village/kebele

◦ District /zonal

◦ Regional

◦ Federal/ national
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 Types of Planning………

 Based on time/duration covered by the plan: the time

horizon of a plan is an important distinction that can be

made between various type of plans short term or long
terms .
 Short term – 1 to 2 years
 Medium term – 3 to 4 years
 Long term – 5 years or more

◦ Annual plans closely tied to the yearly budgeting cycle.

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Types of Planning………

Based on frequency plans can be classified into

 single-use plans and standing plans.
 Single-use plans : A one-time plan specifically designed
to meet the need of a unique situation.
 Single-use plans include budgets, programs and projects.

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Single-use and Standing plans
Standing plans : Are ongoing, and provide guidance for
repeatedly performed activities in an organization.
Standing plans include policies, procedures and rules.
Policies and procedures
 are the ongoing or standing plans that are used to address
recurring activities.
 A rule is a very specific guide to behavior.

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Types of Planning………
 Depending on the organization level, plans can be

 Strategic plan / Allocative plan

 Operational / Tactical plan

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 Strategy

Strategy :- is the course of action taken to achieve long-

term goals or objectives or
The art and science of planning and arranging resources
for their most efficient and effective use.
It is the pattern of choices intended to assure an
organization’s continuing success.
Tactics :- are the courses of action associated with
reaching short-term goals
Strategic (Allocative) Planning

 Strategic planning is the process of determining what

an organization intends to be in the future and how it will
get there.
 Strategic plans : Are plans that apply to the entire
organization, establish the organization’s overall
objectives, and seek to position the organization in terms
of its environment.
It is finding the best future for your organization and the
best path to reach that destination ..
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Strategic (Allocative) Planning
Reflects long term needs and directions of the
organization
Wide scope
Usually practiced at higher level in the organization
◦ Responsibility of senior managers
◦ But it needs participation of lower level managers and
workers also
◦ Example: GTP2, SDG, SDG3
◦ “Health Sector Transformation
02/01/2024Plan (HSTP)”
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Major Components of the Strategic Plan /
Down to Action

Strategic Plan
What we want to be
Vision Action Plans

Evaluate Progress
Mission Why we exist

Goals What we must achieve to be successful

Objectives O1 O2 Specific outcomes expressed in

measurable terms (NOT
activities)
Initiatives Planned Actions to
AI1 AI2 AI3
Achieve Objectives

Measures Indicators and

M1 M2 M3
Monitors of success
Targets T1 T1 T1 Desired level of
performance and
timelines
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 Vision
 Vision : is a clear mental portrait of preferable future.

- It is a realistic , credible ,attractive futures for your organization .

- Shared vision is the initial force that brings(motivate)people to work together

-Inspires(alert) stake holders to needed change

- It is the life –blood of an organization

-Clearly articulated vision can provide energy , momentum and strength to

individuals

- Breaks the manager out of boundary thinking

Example : Vision of Ministry of Health is “To see healthy, productive

and prosperous Ethiopians”
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Determining and attaining your life goals;

 If a man has not discovered something he is willing to die for ,

he is not fit live(Martin Luther King )

 Always aim high. If you aim at the stars, you certainly should

not end up with a handful of mud.

 If you aim at nothing in life ,you are liable to hit nothing.
 Successful people always have one thing in common: they all

know where they are going.

 Anything the mind can conceive and believe, it can achieve.

(William James) 02/01/2024 set by mulugeta M 24

 Mission
Mission :- describes an organization's reason for
existence, the general functions of services it performs,
and the limits of its jurisdiction and authority.
The mission is a broad , compressive statement defining
organizational purpose or identity.
It charts the direction for the organizations action.
Mission is the biggest picture of an organization

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Mission………….
Exa2:- Mission of Ministry of Health :- To promote health
and wellbeing of Ethiopians through providing and
regulating a comprehensive package of promotive,
preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services of
the highest possible quality in an equitable manner.”
Personal Mission statement :-the most effective way I
know begin with the end in the mind is to develop a
persona mission statement.

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 Tactics

 Tactics :- are the courses of action associated with reaching short-

term goals.
 Means by which a strategy is carried out; planned and ad
hoc activities meant to deal with the demands of the moment, and
to move from one milestone to other in pursuit of the overall
goal(s).
 A method used or a course of action followed in order to achieve
an immediate or short-term goal.
 In an organization, strategy is decided by the board of directors,
and tactics by the department heads for implementation by the
junior officers and employees.
Operational (Tactical) Planning

Operational plans /Tactical plans : A set of procedures

for translating broad strategic goals and plans into specific
goals and plans that are relevant to a distinct portion of the
organization.
 Strategic and tactical plans differ in three primary ways—
their time frame, scope, and whether they include a known
set of organizational objectives.

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Differences b/n strategic and tactical plan
Areas of Operational Strategic
difference (Tactical ) plans plans
Experts involved Developed by low- Developed by upper
level management. level management

Time horizon Covers short period Covers relatively

(1 week to 1 year) longer period (five
years or more)

Scope Narrow range of Wide range of goals

operations

Degree of detail Detail & specific Simplistic and

activities general
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 Planning Approaches

 Top-down the two commonly

Bottom-up Approaches discussed approach

A three steps approach involving both Top-down and

Bottom-up approaches

◦ Adapted from the Woreda-based Health Sector

Planning Approach of the health sector

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Situational Analysis
 SWOT analysis :- SWOT(strength and weakness , opportunity
and threat) is a strategic planning tool that matches internal
{organizational } strength and weakness with external
opportunity and threat.
By reviewing strength , weakness , opportunity and threat
a useful strategy for achieving objectives will become
evident.

–Maximization of benefits out of existing strengths and

opportunities

–Solving existing weaknesses and reducing the effect of threats 31

Situational Analysis
Internal (Organization)
 Strengths: Are internal resources that are available or
things that the organization does well.

E.g. Availability of : - Committed staff.

- Resource

- Trained man power

- Appropriate technology

- Management experience
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SWOT Analysis…
Weaknesses: Are those resources that an organization lacks or activities that
it does not do well.

E.g. Lack of clear strategies,

 Communication barriers,
 Lack of dedicated staff
 High staff turn over
 Lack of managerial talent
 Obsolete facilities

Core competency: Refers to any of the strengths that represent unique skills
or resources that can determine the organization’s competitive edge.

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SWOT Analysis…

Opportunities are positive or favorable factors in the

external environment which the organization should take
advantage of or which make the idea potential viable
They are however , beyond the control of the organization
They are different from the strength in the sense that
strength are positive internal factors .
Example of opportunity:
 Presence of clear and supportive health police
 Presence in the community
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SWOT Analysis…

Threat are negative or unfavorable factors in the external

factors in the environment and normally beyond the control
of the organization

Example of threat :
 Adverse believe toward modern medicine
 Growing cost of essential drugs
 Worsening economic conditions
 Natural disaster
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SWOT analysis framework

Internal external

Positive Strength Opportunities

Negative Weakness Threats

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Problem Prioritization
 Planning is a participatory process involving different
members with different views to a specific situation.
 All problems identified during situational analysis should
be prioritized.
 Because all problems cannot be solved with limited
resources we have in hand .

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 Problem Prioritization

Priority problems are often selected by setting

selection criteria and giving scores for each problem
according to these criteria during planning phase.
Criteria for problem prioritization of health problems
include :
◦ Magnitude of the problem
◦ Degree of severity
◦ Sustainability in terms of resources and organizational capacity.
◦ Feasibility of control measures
◦ Government concern
◦ Community concern
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 Plan…

◦ Political and social acceptability with consideration of equity.

◦ Consistency with multi-sectoral approach

◦ Consistency with governmental planning and budgetary system

◦ Clear defined system with donors (if linkage exists).

 Ranking which health problems they think were most important.
This can be doe by using criteria on five point scales.
◦ 5 point – very high

◦ 4 point – high

◦ 3 point – moderate

◦ 2 point – low

◦ 1 point – very low 39

Example
S.N Problems

sustainability

Political con.
Comm. Con.
Feasibility
magnitude
severity

Total
1 Absence of latrine 1 3 2 2 3 4 15

2 Low immunization 4 2 3 4 2 5 22

3 High home delivery 4 4 4 4 3 5 24

4 Low FP usage 5 3 3 3 1 4 19

5 High malaria 2 3 3 2 4 4 18

prevalence
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Why plans fail?

Some important reasons why plans are not successful.

1.Planning is not integrated in to the total management system.
2. A lack of understanding of the different steps of the planning
process.
3. Concerned parties not participated or contributed in the
planning process.
4. Managements expect that plans will be realized with little
effort.
5.Too much attempts at once.
6. Failing to operate by plan.
7. Inadequate input in planning.
8. Unforeseen (unexpected) change in the environment. 41
Successful Planning Process

Everyone participates
Board and staff educated about planning
Board and staff explore new ideas
Board takes advantages of opportunities
Necessary resources available
 Effective Planning

Plan to plan.
People implementing plan should be involved in
preparing plan.
 Staff educated about planning
 Take Time to Plan
 Plans must be Flexible and Dynamic.
 Evaluate and Revise
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