Leadertypes (Lecture 1)

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Leadership
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A Leadership Story:
• A group of workers and their leaders are set a task
of clearing a road through a dense jungle on a remote
island to get to the coast.
• The leaders organise the labour into efficient units and
monitor the distribution and use of capital assets –
progress is excellent. The leaders continue to monitor
and evaluate progress, making adjustments along the
way to ensure the progress is maintained and efficiency
increased wherever possible.
• Then, one day amidst all the hustle and bustle and
activity, one person climbs up a nearby tree. The
person surveys the scene from the top of the tree.

A Leadership Story:
• And shouts down to the assembled
group below…
• “Wrong Way!”
• (Story adapted from Stephen Covey (2004) “The Seven Habits of
Highly Effective People” Simon & Schuster).
• “Management is doing things right, leadership

is doing the right things”
(Warren Bennis and Peter Drucker)

Definition of Leadership
Leadership, according to Peter DeLisle,
is the ability to influence others, with
or without authority.
All successful endeavors are the result
of human effort; thus, the ability to
influence others is a derivation of
• Interpersonal Communications
• Conflict Management
• Problem solving
Interpersonal Effectiveness
Interpersonal effectiveness is the
capability of an individual to do this,
influence others, competently.
Leadership is a direct function of three
elements of interpersonal
effectiveness
• Awareness
• Ability
• Commitment
Interpersonal Effectiveness

Awareness
Awareness is a state of consciousness.
It is the ability to recognize yourself,
others, events and situations in real
time.
It is the ability to assess the impact of
actions on situations and others, and
be critically self-reflective.
It is a development process that is a
function of experience,
communication, self discovery and
feedback.
Ability
Ability to learn and understand technical
issues is the basis of our careers.
Ability to lead is a function of influence:
• Ability to communicate
• Ability to resolve conflicts
• Ability to solve problems and make
decisions
As a member of a team, we influence others
in a collaborative effort to find better ideas
or solve problems.

Commitment
For leaders, the “one thing” that leads
to maturity is the fully aware
recognition that one’s decisions make
a difference, both positively and
negatively, in the lives of others, and
that any attempt to solve a problem
might have a decided negative
impact on some, while helping
others.
In no-win scenarios, one must still
make a hard decision.
Movie example Commitment

– Untouchables
Moment of truth for Elliott Ness
Jimmy O’Neil asks
“What are you prepared to do?”
Ness replies
“Anything I have to do to make this thing
right.”
O’Neil says
“Everyone knows where the problems are, but
no one is willing to do anything. You said
you would do anything you had to, to make
it right. Now, I’m willing to help you. You
made the commitment.”
Attributes of a Leader
• Guiding vision: Effective leaders
know what they want to do, and have
the strength of character to pursue
their objectives in the face of
opposition and in spite of failures.
The effective leader establishes
achievable goals.

Passion: Effective leaders believe
passionately in their goals. They have
a positive outlook on who they are,
and they love what they do. Their
passion for life is a guiding star for
others to follow, because they radiate
promise!

• Integrity: Because they know who
they are, effective leaders are also
aware of their weaknesses. They only
make promises they can follow
through on.
• Honesty: Leaders convey an aura of
honesty in both their professional and
their personal lives.
• Trust: Effective leaders earn the trust
of their followers and act on behalf of
their followers.
• Curiosity: Leaders are learners. They
wonder about every aspect of their charge.
They find out what they need to know in
order to pursue their goals.
• Risk: Effective leaders take calculated risks

when necessary to achieve their
objectives. If a mistake is made, the
effective leader will learn from the mistake
and use it as an opportunity to explore
other avenues.
• Dedication: The effective leader is
dedicated to his or her charge, and
will work assiduously on behalf of
those following. The leader gives
himself or herself entirely to the task
when it is necessary.

• Charisma: This may be the one attribute that
is the most difficult to cultivate. It conveys
maturity, respect for your followers,
compassion, a fine sense of humor, and a love
of humanity. The result is that leaders have
the capability to motivate people to excel.
• Listening: Leaders Listen! This is the most

important attribute of all, listen to your
followers.

Leader vs Manager
Leader n, 1. A person who is followed
by others.
Manager n, 1. A person controlling or

administering a business or a part of
a business. 2. A person regarded in
terms of skill in household or
financial or other management.

Leadership
•Leadership is the
ability to develop a
vision that motivates
others to move with a
passion toward a
common goal
Management
•Management is the ability
to organize resources and
coordinate the execution
of tasks necessary to
reach a goal in a timely
and cost effective manner

Leadership vs Management
• Management seeks stability &
predictability
–(order)
• Leadership seeks improvement

through change
–(disorder)

Leader vs Manager
Leaders:
Do the right thing
Manager:
Do things right

Leadership & Management

Leadership – soft skills
• Communications
Skills
• Motivation
• Stress Management
• Team Building
• Change Management
Management – hard skills
• Scheduling
• Staffing
• Activity Analysis
• Project Controls

Managers have the following

– Considerattributes
alternatives, to design
they
– Estimate costs involved
– Establish risks to the organization
– Develop a schedule for the project
– Include decision steps
– Manage change in an orderly fashion
– Keep the team motivated and informed
– Review responsibilities and goals with
each team player
– State clearly the basis for evaluation and
where each person fits into the
organization

Managers have the following

attributes , they
– Monitor progress
– Set directions; set expected achievements
for each individual within the next work
period. Show the team members where
they fit in achieving unit goals.
– Perform administrative tasks
– Report to senior management
– Money and job security play a major role
in management effectiveness. They act
as deficiency motivators.

• If you wantBeing
to get a Leader
ahead, be a leader, you
must assume:
– That everything that happens to you
results in a situation that is in your
control
– That the attitude you convey is what you
are judged on
– That what you think and do in your
private life is what you will reap in your
public or corporate life
– You are what you think and believe
– If you never meet a challenge you will
never find out what you are worth
Recipe for being

• Take control of your life
a Leader
• Assume responsibility for who you are
• Convey a positive and dynamic attitude in
everything you do
• Accept blame: learn from your own mistakes
as well as those of others. Take blame for
everything that happens in your unit
• Give credit wherever it is due
• Be compassionate when you review your
team members' progress or lack thereof

Recipe for Being a Leader

• Think great thoughts. Small thinking is why
companies go broke
• Turn disasters into opportunities. Turn
every obstacle into a personal triumph
• Determine your "real" goals then strive to
achieve them
• When you want to tell someone something
important, do it personally
• Don’t be afraid to get your hands dirty
doing what you ask others to do. Make
coffee
• Recipe
Listen for Being a Leader
effectively
• Encourage teamwork and participation
• Empower team members
• Communicate effectively
• Emphasize long-term productivity
• Make sound and timely decisions
• Treat each person as an individual
• Know yourself and your team
• Protect your team
• Have vision, courage and commitment


Leadership

Types of Leadership Style


• Autocratic:
– Leader makes decisions without reference to
anyone else
– High degree of dependency on the leader
– Can create de-motivation and alienation
of staff
– May be valuable in some types of business
where decisions need to be made quickly and
decisively
– Cult Leaders – Famous for having a ‘my way
or the highway’ mentality.

Autocratic leadership
•
Examples
Martha Stewart – Despite her soft exterior, Martha Stewart was known for being highly
demanding of her staff behind the scenes.
• Ridley Scott – Known for his perfectionism, this director was very hard to work with on the
set because he was such a tough leader.
• Napoleon Bonaparte – Like many wartime leaders, Napoleon became an increasingly
detached autocrat who led from the top.
• Queen Elizabeth I – Known as a tough ruler of England, the Queen also demonstrated great
care for her people.
• Vladimir Putin – His iron grip on Russia has placed him in a position where what he says,
goes!
• Elon Musk – Musk is famous for leading with an iron fist and even publicly threatening to fire
employees who step out of line.
• Genghis Khan – The founder of the Mongol empire, Khan united man nomadic tribes by
forcing them to submit to his will, a key trait of an autocratic leader.
• King Henry III – King Henry was just nine years old when he assumed power, and he grew
up in a climate where the King’s word is everything.
• The Kim Dynasty – In North Korea, the leader is the ultimate dictator. No one can interfere
or stop him from doing what he wants.
• Steve Jobs – The head of Apple was known for being highly controlling of his organization and
a hige micromanager. He was even kicked out of the company for a while due to his difficult
autocratic style.


• Democratic:
• Encourages decision making
from different perspectives – leadership
may be emphasised throughout
the organisation
– Consultative: process of consultation before
decisions are taken
– Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks
to persuade others that the decision
is correct


• Democratic:
– May help motivation and involvement
– Workers feel ownership of the firm
and its ideas
– Improves the sharing of ideas
and experiences within the business
– Can delay decision making

Examples Of Democratic
leadership
• Google – Employees are encouraged to participate in meetings as much as
possible because the top executives understand that a great idea can come
from anywhere.
• Tim Cook (CEO of Apple) – Known for surrounding himself with people who
disagree and challenge him.
• Muhtar Kent (CEO of Coca-Cola) – Known for distributing power across
various committees and regional groups.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower – Famous for relying heavily on experts to help him to
make decisions and influence how the US government should be run.


• Laissez-Faire:
– ‘Let it be’ – the leadership responsibilities
are shared by all
– Can be very useful in businesses
where creative ideas are important
– Can be highly motivational,
as people have control over their working life
– Can make coordination and decision making
time-consuming and lacking in overall direction
– Relies on good team work
– Relies on good interpersonal relations

Laissez Faire Leadership

Example 1:
• A team member comes to you and says, “The way the team structure
has been set out is not as productive as it could be. Can you
rearrange the team structure so that we work better together?”.
A laissez faire leader would, first, listen to the team member and then
suggest that the team gets together to determine the best way to
move forward.
• Notice, the leader didn’t step in and interfere with any structures or
processes. They didn’t suggest ways around the issue. They simply
provided support for the team to do that themselves. They listened to
the concern but ultimately left it up to their employees and their own
experiences and abilities to figure it out themselves. This is the
essence of laissez faire leadership


• Paternalistic:
• Leader acts as a ‘father figure’
• Paternalistic leader makes decision
but may consult
• Believes in the need to support
staff

Paternalistic Leadership Examples
Here are some paternalistic leadership examples from different fields:
•Corporate Leadership:
Corporate Leaders With A Paternalistic Leadership Style See Employees As
Essential Stakeholders And Prioritize Their Interests Over Those Of Investors. Such
Companies Guarantee Lifetime Employment Or Go To Considerable Lengths To
Avoid Layoffs When The Company Is Losing Money.
•Governments:
Governments With A Paternalistic Attitude May Supply High-Quality Items For Free
Or Reduce The Cost Of Commodities Through Subsidies. Governments With Many
Rules, Regulations And Enforcements That Regulate Most Aspects Of Life
Are Paternalistic Leadership Style Examples.
•Administration:
A Paternalistic Manager Strives To Help Individuals Grow And Improve By Assisting
Them In Developing Their Abilities. The Manager Cultivates A Robust And Devoted
Workforce In This Manner. This Is Another Common Paternalistic Leadership Style
Example In Business.

Change Leadership

Change Leadership
• The most challenging aspect of business
is leading and managing change
• The business environment is subject to
fast-paced economic and social change
• Modern business must adapt
and be flexible to survive
• Problems in leading change stem mainly
from human resource management

Change Leadership
• Leaders need to be aware of how
change impacts on workers:
• Series of self-esteem states
identified by Adams et al and cited
by Garrett
– Adams, J. Hayes, J. and Hopson, B.(eds) (1976)
Transition: understanding and managing change personal
change London, Martin Robertson
– Garrett, V. (1997) Managing Change in School leadership
for the 21st century Brett Davies and Linda Ellison, London,
Routledge

Change Leadership
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Theories of Leadership

• Trait theories:
• Is there a set of characteristics
that determine a good leader?
– Personality?
– Dominance and personal presence?
– Charisma?
– Self confidence?
– Achievement?
– Ability to formulate a clear vision?

• Trait theories:
– Are such characteristics
inherently gender biased?
– Do such characteristics
produce good leaders?
– Is leadership more than
just bringing about change?
– Does this imply that leaders are born
not bred?

• Behavioural:
• Imply that leaders can be trained –
focus on the way of doing things
– Structure based behavioural theories –
focus on the leader instituting structures –
task orientated
– Relationship based behavioural theories –
focus on the development and maintenance
of relationships – process orientated

• Contingency Theories:
• Leadership as being more flexible –
different leadership styles used at
different times depending on the
circumstance.
• Suggests leadership is not a fixed series
of characteristics that can be
transposed into different contexts

• May depend on:
– Type of staff
– History of the business
– Culture of the business
– Quality of the relationships
– Nature of the changes needed
– Accepted norms within the institution

• Transformational:
– Widespread changes
to a business or organisation
• Requires:
– Long term strategic planning
– Clear objectives
– Clear vision
– Leading by example – walk the walk
– Efficiency of systems and processes

• Invitational Leadership:
– Improving the atmosphere and message
sent out by the organisation
– Focus on reducing negative messages
sent out through the everyday actions of
the business both externally and, crucially,
internally
– Review internal processes to reduce these
– Build relationships and sense of belonging
and identity with the organisation –
that gets communicated to customers, etc.

• Transactional Theories:
– Focus on the management
of the organisation
– Focus on procedures and efficiency
– Focus on working to rules
and contracts
– Managing current issues
and problems

Factors Affecting Style

Factors Affecting Style

• Leadership style may be dependent
on various factors:
– Risk - decision making and change initiatives
based on degree of risk involved
– Type of business – creative business
or supply driven?
– How important change is –
change for change’s sake?
– Organisational culture – may be long embedded
and difficult to change
– Nature of the task – needing cooperation? Direction?
Structure?

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• “Management is doing things right, leadership

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Movie example Commitment

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• Risk: Effective leaders take calculated risks

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• Listening: Leaders Listen! This is the most

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Manager n, 1. A person controlling or

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• Leadership seeks improvement

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Leadership & Management

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Managers have the following

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Managers have the following

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Recipe for being

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Recipe for Being a Leader

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Types of Leadership Style

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Types of Leadership Style

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Types of Leadership Style

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Types of Leadership Style

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Types of Leadership Style

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Laissez Faire Leadership

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Types of Leadership Style

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Paternalistic Leadership Examples

Here are some paternalistic leadership examples from different fields:

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