DEPT.

OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
[M.TECH – ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY]
Batch : 2022-2024

(20AUP603L) - PROJECT WORK PHASE – 1

[3rd Sem.]

PROJECT TITLE
Enhancing Hybrid Electric Vehicle Efficiency: Power Split Optimization and Control Using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle”

AMIT KUMAR-RA2212047010007

Guide Name & Designation :

SRMIST: Dr. A.J.D Nanthakumar Assistant
Professor
nanthakd@srmist.edu.in
* 1
 Introduction
• Introduction to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
and their significance in reducing emissions.
• Importance of power split optimization in
achieving higher fuel efficiency.
• Exploration of various powertrain configurations
and their impact on efficiency.
• Challenges associated with power split control
and potential solutions.
• Expected benefits in terms of fuel savings,
reduced emissions, and environmental impact.
* 2
 Objective
• Develop a comprehensive understanding of
hybrid electric vehicle powertrain dynamics.
• Investigate and analyze Toyota Prius hybrid
model.
• Model and simulate power split hybrid vehicle
transmission
• Evaluate the impact of different powertrain
configurations on overall vehicle efficiency.

* 3
• Explore predictive modeling approaches for
proactive power split adjustments.
• Validate the given specifications of THS
system through simulations.
• Quantify improvements in fuel consumption,
emissions reduction, and overall
performance.
• Provide insights and recommendation.

4
 LITERATURE SURVEY
Paper Title Author(s) Year of Publication Observations
"Modeling and Control 1.J. Liu and H. Peng 2008 THS in the Prius
of a Power-Split Hybrid employs a power-split
Vehicle, planetary gear system,
blending series and
parallel hybrid
advantages. It
develops a dynamic
model and two control
algorithms for
optimized engine
operation, comparing
their performance
challenge of optimizing
power split control in
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(HEV) and Plug-in HEV
(PHEV) through a
Power Split Strategy
N. Denis, M. R. Dubois, genetic algorithm (GA).
Optimization of a Plug-
J. P. F. Trovão and A. 2018 The proposed GA
in Parallel Hybrid
Desrochers efficiently computes
Electric Vehicle
near-optimal control
parameters for various
driving cycles, showing
promise for real-time
implementation
* 5
 Under reasonable
assumptions, PMP
is shown to offer
global optimality,
demonstrated
through a brief's
static simulation on
a power-split hybrid
vehicle. The
Optimal Control of proposed control
Hybrid Electric Vehicles . N. Kim, S. Cha and
Based on Pontryagin's H. Peng
2011 algorithm closely
Minimum Principle approaches the fuel
economy achieved
by dynamic
programming-based
global optimal
control.

6
 MOTIVATION/REASON- FOR
CHOOSING THE IDEA / RESEARCH
GAP
• Growing environmental concerns and the need
for sustainable transportation solutions.
• Increasing demand for improved fuel economy
and reduced emissions in the automotive sector.
• Hybrid electric vehicles' potential to bridge the
gap between conventional and all-electric
vehicles.
• Prospect of enhancing driving experience

7
 METHODOLOGY/APPROACH
• Conduct literature review on power split strategies,
Literature review
optimization techniques, and control algorithms.
• Define performance metrics: fuel efficiency, energy
Input consumption, emissions, and overall vehicle
performance
• Dram simulation model and implement pontryagin min
Algorithm used
principle
• Draw conclusions and provide recommendations for
Recommendation efficient power split strategies in hybrid electric vehicles

Simulation • Validate results through simulations

• Perform comparative analysis of power split

Analysis configurations (series, parallel, series-parallel)
8
 EXPECTED OUTCOME
• Substantial improvement in fuel economy and
reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
• Enhanced utilization of hybrid powertrains
through optimized power distribution.
• Development of advanced control algorithms
applicable to various hybrid vehicle
configurations.
• Validation of the proposed strategies through
simulations.

* 9
 Performance
Fuel Efficiency:
• The strategy should aim to maximize the
overall fuel efficiency of the vehicle by
intelligently managing the power distribution
between the ICE and electric motor(s).
• Higher fuel efficiency means the vehicle can
travel longer distances on a given amount of
fuel, reducing operating costs and
environmental impact.
10
Optimization approach:-
• Optimization algorithms, such as Pontryagin's
Minimum Principle, can be applied to find the
optimal power split (i.e., how much power
comes from the ICE and how much from the
electric motor(s)) at each moment during the
driving cycle to maximize the integral of the
Performance Index over that cycle.

11
 Schematic diagram of a power
split hybrid system
Planetary gear arrangement

12
Simulation model

13
 Input parameters
Vehicle Total Mass 1380 kg

Engine Si_1497_57_US_04Prius

Motor 400Nm

Motor2 400Nm

Battery 201.6V

Planetary gear ratio 2.6(78/30)

Final gear ratio 4.113

Transmission gear efficiency 90%

Rolling resistance coefficient 0.007+(0.00012*vehicle velocity)

Frontal area 1.746m^2

Drag coefficient 0.29

Wheel radius 0.305m

Air density 1.23kg/m^2

Soc resolution 0.00001

Engine torque resolution 1Nm

Engine speed resolution 1 rad/s

14
 Output
• This example shows the basic architecture of a power-split hybrid
transmission. The planetary gear, along with the motor and generator,
acts like a variable ratio gear. In this test, the vehicle accelerates,
maintains the faster speed, and then decelerates back to the original
speed.

• The power management strategy uses just stored electrical power to

effect the maneuver, the combustion engine only delivering the
power required to maintain the original speed.

• Losses for the motor, generator, battery and planetary gear are
modeled. The example can be directly compared with the parallel
hybrid example Parallel Hybrid Transmission Example and the series
hybrid example Series Hybrid Transmission Example.

15
Fuel consumption

X-fuel

Y-time

16
Power(kw)

X-powe(kw)

Y-time(s)

17
Shaft speed

X-speed(rpm)

Y-time(s)

18
 Speed

X-speed(rpm)

Y-time(s)

19
Battery electrical losses

X-Losses(ah)

Y-time(s)

20
Battery charge

X-SOC(%)

Y-time(s)

21
 Pontryagin's Minimum
Principle:
• The Pontryagin Minimum Principle is a concept in
optimal control theory. In simple terms, it helps
find the optimal path for a system to reach a goal
while minimizing a cost.
• Imagine you're driving a car, and you want to get
to your destination in the shortest time possible
while using the least amount of fuel.
• The Pontryagin Minimum Principle helps
determine the best way to control your car
(accelerate, brake, steer) to achieve this goal.
22
• It states that for an optimal solution, there
exists a specific relationship between the
system dynamics, the cost function, and the
control inputs. Essentially, it guides you on
how to make decisions to reach your goal
efficiently

23
 Relation
• Optimizing the power split strategy affects all
three objectives simultaneously:
• Fuel Efficiency: Adjusting the power split
between the ICE and electric motor(s)
impacts fuel consumption. Optimizing the
power split can reduce fuel consumption,
leading to improved fuel efficiency.
• Emissions: Reduced fuel consumption,
resulting from optimal power split, generally
leads to lower CO2 emissions.
24
• Performance: Achieving optimal power split
can also enhance performance. For example,
electric motor assistance can provide
additional torque for acceleration, leading to
better overall vehicle performance.

25
 REFERENCES
• N. Kim, S. Cha and H. Peng, "Optimal Control of
Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Pontryagin's
Minimum Principle," in IEEE Transactions on
Control Systems Technology, vol. 19, no. 5, pp.
1279-1287, Sept. 2011, doi:
10.1109/TCST.2010.2061232
• 1. J. Liu and H. Peng, "Modeling and Control
of a Power-Split Hybrid Vehicle," in IEEE
Transactions on Control Systems Technology,
vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1242-1251, Nov. 2008, doi:
10.1109/TCST.2008.919447. 26
• N. Denis, M. R. Dubois, J. P. F. Trovão and A.
Desrochers, "Power Split Strategy Optimization
of a Plug-in Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle," in
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.
67, no. 1, pp. 315-326, Jan. 2018, doi:
10.1109/TVT.2017.2756049

27
 THANK YOU

* 28