BASIC MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
Prepared by: Engr. Muhammad Ahsan
Former Service Engineer MAN | PrimeServ
• Mechanical Engineering is the discipline that applies
engineering, physics, and materials science principles to
design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical
systems.
• Mechanical engineering scope varies from designing and
manufacturing everything from small individual parts and
devices (e.g., microscale sensors and inkjet printer nozzles)
to large systems (e.g., spacecraft and machine tools)
• The Mechanical Engineering discipline really began to flourish during
the Industrial revolution in the 1700s as new manufacturing
processes were required to meet the demands of emerging societies.
• Mechanical Engineering can be broadly classified into following
Majors
• Thermofluids Engineering
• Automotive Engineering
• Design Engineering
• Aerospace Engineering
• Energy Engineering
• Metallurgical Engineering
• Manufacturing Engineering
• Engineering management
Thermofluids Engineering

• Thermal Engineering is a specialized sub-discipline of Mechanical

Engineering that deals exclusively with heat energy and the
conversion of heat into other forms of energy, mainly mechanical and
electric.
• Mechanical energy is generated from heat in heat engines, which
power automobiles etc.; the mechanical energy from heat engines
also drives certain types of electric generators.
Thermofluids Engineering (Contd.)
• Thermal Engineers can work in following areas and to design and
provide an improvement over the existing system
1.Thermal Powerplants
2.Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in small and
large-scale residential, commercial or industrial buildings.
3.Electronics and electrical component and systems (For cooling of
electronics system)
4.Boiler, heat exchangers etc.
• A Thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is
converted to electric power.
• Heat can be generated by burning Heavy Furnace oil/Diesel Oil, coal,
Compressed Natural gas(CNG) or by other means
• Steam Power plant
• Gas power plant
• Combine cycle power plant
• Engine based power plant
Sahiwal coal power plant
HUB Power plant Baluchistan
Atlas Power Limited
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning -
HVAC
• Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of
indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide
thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
• HVAC Systems include
1.Air conditioners
2.Chillers
3.dehumidifiers and humidifiers
Boilers & Heat exchangers
• A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated,
mostly water is heated to generate steam. This steam is then feed to
steam turbine to generate electrical power.
• The pressure vessel of a boiler is usually made of steel to withstand
high pressures.
1.Subcritical boiler operates below critical pressure – 3,200 psi or 220
bar.
2.supercritical boiler operates above the critical pressure – 3,200 psi or
220 bar.
Marine Boiler
CFBC Boiler
Heat Exchanger
• A heat exchanger is a device designed to efficiently transfer or
"exchange" heat from one matter to another.
• When a fluid is used to transfer heat, the fluid could be a liquid, such
as water or oil, or could be moving air.
• The most well known type of heat exchanger is a car radiator.
Electronics systems cooling
• All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and thus
require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent
premature failure.
• Design engineers work to design optimum cooling system for
electronics system (PC, Laptops, Cell phones etc.) at lowest power
consumption.
• This requires extensive knowledge of CAD Modeling, CFD Simulations
Automotive Engineering
• Automotive engineering, incorporating elements of mechanical,
electrical, electronic and safety engineering as applied to the design,
manufacture and operation of motorcycles, automobiles and trucks.
• Its process includes
• Conceptual design-CAD Model
• Analysis
• Production
• Improvement
• Important factors effecting Automotive Engineering
1.Safety Engineering
2.Fuel Economy
3.Exhaust emissions
4.Other operational systems
Safety Engineering
• Safety engineering is the assessment of various crash scenarios and
their impact on the vehicle occupants.
1.Some of these requirements include:
2.seat belt and air bag functionality testing,
3.front and side impact testing tests
• Crash tests are performed by various agencies like Euro New car
assessment program (EuNCAP), Global NCAP to rate safety of new
car.
Fuel Economy
• The fuel economy of an automobile is distance traveled per specific
amount of fuel consumed by the vehicle.
• Measured normally in KM/Litre or KM/gallon
• Older generations of cars used Carburetors
• New cars are using Electronic Fuel (EFI) injection systems etc.
Exhaust missions
• Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of
fuels such as natural gas, gasoline, petrol, biodiesel blends, diesel
fuel, fuel oil, or coal.
• According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere
through an exhaust pipe.
• Exhaust emissions drastically effects environment leading to global
warming and increasing earth temperature.
• Elements in exhaust include Nitrogen (N2), Carbon dioxide, Carbon
monoxide, Nitrogen oxide, Sulphur oxides and Unburned Hydro-
corbons and Soot.
• European emission standard Euro-1 was first implemented in 1992 which
define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in
EU and EEA member states.
• Euro 1 emissions standards (petrol)
• CO: 2.72g/km
• HC + NOx: 0.97g/km
• Euro 1 emissions standards (diesel)
• CO: 2.72g/km
• HC + NOx: 0.97g/km
• PM: 0.14g/km
• Euro 6 emissions standards (petrol)
• CO: 1.0g/km
• NOx: 0.06g/km
• PM: 0.005g/km (direct injection only)
• Euro 6 emissions standards (diesel)
• CO: 0.50g/km
• HC + NOx: 0.17g/km
• NOx: 0.08g/km
• PM: 0.005g/km
Auxiliary systems
• Steering systems
• Braking system (ABS/Non-ABS)
• Suspension system
• Refrigeration systems
Aerospace Engineering
• Aerospace
engineering is the
field of mechanical
engineering
concerned with
the development
and maintenance
of aircraft and
spacecraft.
• Aircraft structures – design of the physical configuration of the
aircraft to withstand the forces encountered during flight.
• Aerospace engineering aims to keep structures lightweight and low-
cost, while maintaining structural integrity
Elements to consider
• Fluid mechanics – the study of fluid flow around objects. Specifically
aerodynamics concerning the flow of air over bodies such as wings or
through objects such as wind tunnels.
• Statics and
Dynamics
(engineering
mechanics) – the
study of movement,
forces, moments in
mechanical
systems.
• Propulsion – the energy to
move a vehicle through the
air is provided by jet engines
and turbomachinery, or
rockets.
• Propulsion system of any
aircraft or spacecraft is critical
for reliability.