Oxidative stress

Preparation: Supervised:
Ayub tofiq Mr.Akam Jasim Mustafa
Pareshan Ahmad
Kewsan kawkas
Dalya abbas
Abdulghafur Hussein
Outline
Introduction

Free radical

Risk factors of oxidative stress

Free radical can cause cancer

Antioxidant
 01
Introduction
Oxidative stress plays an essential role in
the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as
cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,
neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
Oxidative stress is an imbalance of free
radicals and antioxidants in the body, which
can lead to cell and tissue damage.
 What organs are affected by oxidative
stress?
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in various pathological conditions, including
hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease, with
high levels of oxidative stress in target organs such as the heart, pancreas, kidney,
and lung.
 02
Free Radicals
 What is free radicals?
● Free radicals are the products of normal cellular metabolism. A free
radical can be defined as an atom or molecule containing one or more
unpaired electrons in valency shell or outer orbit and is capable of
independent existence. The odd number of electron(s) of a free
radical makes it unstable, short lived and highly reactive.
Types of free radicals:
1-Neutral free radicals: These free radicals do not charge them that’s why they have a much lesser
reactivity than the charged free Radicals.

2-Charged Free Radicals:

The free radicals charged are very strongly reactive and emit great capacity to mix with the other
components and constituents. These free radicals can either be positive or negative.

What causes free radicals:

The free radicals in the body of living beings
cause quick combinations with the other
components and also form large reaction chains
for the same reason. These radicals are very
quick to react with every molecule, and these
reactions are precisely termed 'oxidation
reactions' in living beings, especially humans.
 Sources of free radecals:

Mitochondria Phagocytosis Inflammation

Environmental Cigarette Drugs and

smoke pesticides
pollution
 What are the most essential uses of
free radicals in the human body?
1-Killing pathogens: Sometimes the WBCs present in the body
does not function properly, leading the body to lose its
immunity. In this function, free radicals play a vital role by
bringing the anti-bacterial and other cells back into action and
killing all the harmful microorganisms and pathogens before
entering the body.

2-Regulation of cell growth: Many times, cells fail to reproduce

themselves and start to reduce in its quantity day-by-day. In such
situations, the free radicals are the only support of the people as
these free radicals can significantly reduce the stress on the cells
and help them grow faster and faster. By doing so, the free
radicals must help the body in increasing more and more cells in
your body.
 03
Risk Factors Of
Oxidative Stress
• Oxidative stress may play a role in the
development of a range of conditions, including:
• cancer
•Alzheimer's disease
• Parkinson's disease
• diabetes
• cardiovascular conditions such as high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and stroke
• inflammatory disorders
• chronic fatigue syndrome
• asthma
• male infertility
Risk factors for oxidative stress
• obesity
• diets high in fat, sugar, and processed foods
• exposure to radiation
• smoking cigarettes or other tobacco products
• alcohol consumption
• certain medications
• pollution
• exposure to pesticides or industrial chemicals
 Prevention
• eating a balanced, healthful diet rich in
fruits and vegetables
• limiting intake of processed foods,
particularly those high in sugars and fats
• exercising regularly
•quitting smoking
• reducing stress
• avoiding or reducing
 04
Free Radical Can
Cause Cancer
 Free radicals in beneficial role
 Free radicals perform many critical functions in our
bodies in controlling the flow of blood through our
arteries, to fight infection, to keep our brain alert and in
focus.
 Phagocytic cells involved in body defense produce and
mobilize oxygen free radicals to destroy the bacteria and
other cells of foreign matter which they ingest.
 Similar to antioxidants, some free radicals at low levels
are signaling molecules, i.e. they are responsible for
turning on and off of genes.
 Some free radicals such as nitric oxide and superoxide
are produced in very high amount by immune cells to
poison viruses and bacteria.
 Some free radicals kill cancer cells. In fact certain
cancer drugs aim in increasing the free radical amount in
body.
How Free Radicals
Can Cause Cancer
Damage to genes in the DNA can
cause them to make ineffective
proteins. Some of those proteins are
an important part of making sure the
DNA is working right.
 05
Antioxidant
Oxidative stress is a state that
occurs when there is an excess of
free radicals in the body’s cells.
The body produces free radicals
during normal metabolic processes.
Oxidative stress can damage cells,
proteins, and DNA, which can
contribute to aging. It may also
play a role in development of a
range of health conditions,
including diabetes, cancer, and
neurodegenerative diseases such as
Alzheimer’s.
 Antioxidants
Antioxidants are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell
damage. Diets high in vegetables and fruits, which are good sources of antioxidants.
Examples of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, selenium, and carotenoids, such as beta-
carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin .
 Reference
1- Sies H. In Oxidative Stress; H. Sies (Ed). Academic Press; London, 1985 pp 1-7
2- Docampo R. In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Parasites. Marr J. and Müller M. (Eds). Academic
Press; London, 1995 pp 147-160
3- Rice-Evans C., Gopinathan, V. Essays Biochem 1995, 29, 39
4- Cooper CE, Vollaard NBJ, Choueiri T, et al. Exercise, free radicals and oxidative stress. Biochem Soc Trans
Thank you !