LESSON 1.

3
ENGINEERING FIRST
PRINCIPLES
FORCE, POWER, AND MOTION

1
 PRINCIPLES OF
MOTION AND THE
LACK THEREOF

2
 NEWTONS FIRST LAW

According to Newton's first law of motion, an object

remains in the same state of motion unless a resultant
force acts on it. If the resultant force on an object is
zero, this means:

• a stationary object stays stationary

• a moving object continues to move at the same
velocity (at the same speed and in the same
direction)

3
 Examples of objects with uniform
motion
Newton's first law can be used to explain the movement of objects
travelling with uniform motion (constant velocity). For example,
when a car travels at a constant velocity, the driving force from the
engine is balanced by the resistive forces such as air resistance and
frictional forces in the car's moving parts. The resultant force on the
car is zero.

Other examples include:

• a runner at their top speed experiences the same air resistance as
their thrust
• an object falling at terminal velocity experiences the same air
resistance as its weight

4
Examples of objects with non-uniform motion

Newton's first law can also be used to explain the movement of objects travelling with non-uniform
motion. This includes situations when the speed changes, the direction changes, or both change. For
example, when a car accelerates, the driving force from the engine is greater than the resistive forces. The
resultant force is not zero.

Other examples include:

• at the start of their run, a runner experiences less air resistance than their thrust, so they accelerate
• an object that begins to fall experiences less air resistance than its weight, so it accelerates

5
Forces on a submarine

The submarine above has both vertical forces and horizontal forces acting on it. The horizontal forces will
not affect its vertical movement and the vertical forces will not affect its horizontal movement.

6
Forces on a submarine

The horizontal forces are equal in size and opposite in direction. They are balanced, so the horizontal
resultant force is zero. This means that there is no horizontal acceleration. The vertical forces are equal in
size and opposite in direction. They are balanced, so the vertical resultant force is also zero. This means
that there is no resultant vertical acceleration.

7
Forces on a submarine

The submarine will continue with the same motion, either remaining stationary or moving at a constant
speed. If the submarine is moving, it is impossible to tell which direction it is moving from the forces
alone, only that it will continue in the same direction at the same speed.

8
 NEWTONS SECOND LAW
Force, mass and acceleration

Newton's second law of motion can be described by this

equation:
F = ma

resultant force = mass × acceleration

This is when:
force (F) is measured in newtons (N)
mass (m) is measured in kilograms (kg)
acceleration (α) is measured in meters per second squared
(m/s2)

9
 NEWTONS SECOND LAW
Force, mass and acceleration

The equation shows that the acceleration of an object is:

• proportional to the resultant force on the object

• inversely proportional to the mass of the object

In other words, the acceleration of an object increases if the

resultant force on it increases and decreases if the mass of the
object increases.

10
11
 NEWTONS THIRD LAW
According to Newton's third law of motion, whenever
two objects interact, they exert equal and opposite
forces on each other.

This is often worded as 'every action has an equal and

opposite reaction'. However, it is important to
remember that the two forces:

• act on two different objects

• are of the same type (eg both contact forces)

12
 Examples of force pairs
Newton's third law can be applied to examples of
equilibrium situations.

A cat sits on the ground

There are contact gravitational forces between Earth
and the cat:

• the cat pulls the Earth up

• the Earth pulls the cat down

These forces are equal in size and opposite in direction.

13
 Examples of force pairs
Newton's third law can be applied to examples of
equilibrium situations.

Car tire on a road

There are contact forces between the tire and
the road:

• the tire pushes the road backwards

• the road pushes the tire forwards

These forces are equal in size and opposite in

direction.

14
 Examples of force pairs
Newton's third law can be applied to examples of
equilibrium situations.

A satellite in Earth orbit

There are non-contact gravitational forces

between Earth and the satellite:

• the Earth pulls the satellite

• the satellite pulls Earth

These forces are equal in size and opposite in

direction.

15
 Movie: Interstellar
ESCAPE FROM GARGANTUA SCENE VIA DETATCH PROCEDURE

16
 Weight, mass and gravitational
field strength

The weight of an object may be thought of as acting at a

single point called its center of mass. Depending on the
object's shape, its center of mass can be inside or outside it.

The weight of an object and its mass are directly

proportional. For a given gravitational field strength, the
greater the mass of the object - the greater its weight is.

17
 Weight, mass and gravitational
field strength

Weight can be calculated using the equation:

weight = mass × gravitational field strength

This is when:
• weight (W) is measured in newtons (N)
• mass (m) is measured in kilograms (kg)
• gravitational field strength (g) is measured in newtons per
kilogram (N/kg)

18
 Weight, mass and gravitational
field strength

Example
An apple has a mass of 100 g. Calculate its weight on Earth
(g = 10 N/kg).
100 g = 100 ÷ 1000 = 0.1 kg

19
 Weight, mass and gravitational
field strength

Measuring weight
To make a measurement of weight, we have to measure the
force pulling the object towards the center of the Earth. We
do this by balancing it with a known force. If the object is
stationary, Newton's third law then tells us that the known
force is the same as the weight.

A spring balance will stretch until the force from the spring
is enough to balance the weight of the object, and the
distance the spring in it has stretched indicates the force it is
exerting to hold up the object.

20
 Weight, mass and
gravitational field strength

A Strain gauge is a sensor whose resistance varies

with applied force; It converts force, pressure,
tension, weight, etc., into a change in electrical
resistance which can then be measured. When
external forces are applied to a stationary object,
stress and strain are the result.

21
CONCURRENT, COPLANAR,
AND THE ANTITHESIS OF
THESE FORCES

22
 FORCES AND CLASSIFICATION

Mainly all the forces divided into following types:

1. Coplanar Forces.
2. Collinear Forces.
3. Concurrent Forces.

23
 COPLANAR FORCES

If all the forces in a system lie in a single plane, then they are “coplanar forces.”

There are different types of coplanar forces. They are:

A. Coplanar Parallel Forces.

(i). Coplanar like Forces.
(ii). Coplanar unlike Forces.
B. Coplanar Concurrent Forces.
C. Coplanar Non-Concurrent Forces.

24
 COPLANAR PARALLEL FORCES

If all the forces are parallel to each other and lie un single plane, then they are “coplanar parallel forces”.

(i)Coplanar Like Parallel Forces:

All forces are parallel to each other and lie in a single plane
and are action in the same direction.

(ii)coplanar unlike parallel forces:

All forces are parallel to each other and lie in single plane but
acting in opposite direction.

25
 COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCES

Line of action of all forces passes through a single point and forces lie in a single plane
then they are” coplanar concurrent forces”.

26
 COPLANAR NONCONCURRENT FORCES

All forces do not meet at a point but lie in a single plane.

27
 CONCURRENT FORCES

If the line of action of all forces acting in a system pass through a single point, then
they are “Concurrent Force System”.

28
 COLLINEAR FORCES

If line of action of all forces acting in a single line, then they are “Collinear Force
System”.

29
Along with these, there are other forces which are useful to
us. They are:
1. Non-Coplanar Parallel Forces: All forces are parallel to each other but not lie in
single plane then they are “non-coplanar parallel forces”.

30
Along with these, there are other forces which are useful to
us. They are:
2. Non-Coplanar Concurrent Forces: All forces do not lie in same plane but, line of
action passes through single point, then they are “non-coplanar concurrent forces”

31
Along with these, there are other forces which are useful to
us. They are:
3. Non-Coplanar, Non-Concurrent Forces: All forces do not lie in a single plane and
line of action do not pass through single point, then they are “non-coplanar non-
concurrent forces”

32
 Finally, some important definitions are:
1.Resultant Forces: It is a single force which have the same effect as that of number of
forces acting on body .

33
 Finally, some important definitions are:
2.System of forces: Number of forces acting on a body is called “System of Forces”.

34
 reference
https://education.theiet.org/media/7401/7-mechanical-principles.pdf
THE END