INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS

SPORTS NUTRITION
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 Background
• Muscles are the only cell tissues that can
contract and expand.
• By functionality, muscles are of three types:
skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac
muscles.
• Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles.
Smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary
muscles.

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 Skeletal Muscles
• Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is
attached by tendons to bone.
• Used to effect skeletal movement such as
locomotion and in maintaining posture.
• An average adult male is made up of 42% of
skeletal muscle and an average adult female
is made up of 36% (as a percentage of body
mass).

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 Smooth Muscles
• Smooth muscle or "involuntary muscle" is
found within the walls of organs and
structures such as the esophagus, stomach,
intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder
and blood vessels. Unlike skeletal muscle,
smooth muscle is not under conscious
control.

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 Cardiac Muscles
• Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary
muscle" but is more similar in structure to
skeletal muscle, and is found only in the
heart.

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 Types of Human Muscles

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 ACTOMYCIN

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 Categories
• Skeletal (voluntary) muscle is further divided into two
broad types: slow twitch and fast twitch:
• Type I, slow twitch, or "red" muscle, is dense with
capillaries and is rich in mitochondria and myoglobin,
giving the muscle tissue its characteristic red colour.
• It can carry more oxygen and sustain aerobic activity
using fats or carbohydrates as fuel.
• Slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time
but with little force.

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 Categories
• Type II, fast twitch muscle, has three major
subtypes (IIa, IIx, and IIb) that vary in both
contractile speed and force generated.
• Fast twitch fibers contract quickly and
powerfully but fatigue very rapidly, sustaining
only short, anaerobic bursts of activity before
muscle contraction becomes painful.
• They contribute most to muscle strength and
have greater potential for increase in mass.
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 Classification of Activity

• Minimal physical activity

• Light physical activity (3-5 hr/week)

• Medium physical activity (10 hr/week)

• Professional/elite athletes (20+ hr/week)

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 Source of Supply?
• Glucose is a major substrate for energy
production in skeletal muscles, and muscles
are the greatest consumers of glucose in the
body.
• For this reason, skeletal muscles play an active
part in regulation of plasma glucose
concentration, by taking up glucose under the
effect of insulin or contractile activity.

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 FATTY ACIDS?
• Muscle training induces increased FA uptake
and utilization
• Two lipases contribute to make FA available
as a substrate: Endothelial lipoprotein lipase
(LPL) acting on circulating lipoproteins and
Sarcoplasmic hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)
acting on intracellular lipids.
• Both enzymes being more expressed in slow-
oxidative than in fast glycolytic muscles
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 SUMMARY
• Types of available muscles?
• Skeletal muscles cope with a large range of
activities, from being able to support the
body weight during long periods of upright
standing to perform explosive movements in
response to an unexpected threat.
• This requires systems for energy metabolism
that can provide energy during long periods
of moderately increased energy consumption
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