Topological

Transformations
The term topology to replaced the
was introduced earlier name
in 1847 by J.B “Analysis situs”
Listing(1808-
1882) a pupil
of Carl Friedrich
Gauss
Johann Benedict Listing
• (25 July 1808 – 24 December 1882)
was a German mathematician.
• J. B. Listing was born in Frankfurt
and died in Göttingen. He first
introduced the term "topology", in a
famous article published in 1847,
although he had used the term in
correspondence some years earlier.
He (independently) discovered the
properties of the half-twisted strip
at the same time (1858) as
August Ferdinand Möbius, and went
further in exploring the properties
of strips with higher-order twists (
paradromic rings). He discovered
topological invariants which came
to be called Listing numbers.[1]
• Topology begin as a branch of
geometry, but is now itself
begin as a fundamental division
of mathematics .Intuitively,
topology may be considered as
the mathematical study of
continuity.