Ccna2 4p1

Cabrillo College
Ch. 4 – Router Components – Part I

CCNA Semester 2
Rick Graziani, Instructor
Feb. 2, 2002
How to Configure a Router
Console Port
Router
Console port
Terminal or a
PC with
Rollover cable
terminal
emulation
software
Com1 or Com2 serial port
 Used “out of the box,” and usually only when necessary

(because a console connection must be made locally)
 RJ 45 jack on router
 Uses a serial connection to a computer running terminal
emulation software (out-of-band management)
 Cisco routers uses a rollover cable to make the serial
connection
Auxiliary Port
Serial BRI Console AUX
 AUX port used to “call” a router using a modem

 RJ 45 jack, connects serially to a modem
 Can be accessed non-locally (by placing a phone call), and can be
used when the router’s configuration has been lost
 Also, can be used as a backup connection when the primary link fails.
 Not all routers have an AUX port, but a serial interface can be used
instead.
 This is covered in CCNP Semester 6 Remote Access class.
AUI and BRI
AUI (Ethernet) Serial BRI Console AUX
Transceivers
 Some routers (2500 series) have an AUI (Auxiliary Unit Interface) instead
of an RJ-45 connection for Ethernet or Token Ring interfaces (2600 and
other series routers usually have RJ-45 connections).
 A transceiver is needed to convert the from one media type (like our
AUI) to the cable medium being used, such as RJ-45, fiber optic, or
coaxial cable
 The BRI (Basic Rate Interface) port may be on some routers and is used
for an ISDN connection.
 ISDN is covered in CCNA Semester 4 and CCNP Remote Access
class.
IP address/subnet mask
Virtual Terminals
Or remote IP
address
switch or hub
Telnet
TCP/IP IP address/subnet mask
 Most Cisco IOS’s have 5 virtual terminals or vtys (VTY 0, VTY 1, VTY 2, VTY 3,
VTY 4).
 These are virtual interfaces that can be accessed through telnet session.
 Before a host can telnet into the router, both the host and the router must have
properly configured IP addresses and subnet masks on the appropriate
interfaces.
 Before this can happen, the router must be configured using the console port.
 Telnetting to the router will be covered later.
Inside the Router
RAM
 RAM is the working storage area for a router.

 What’s in Random Access Memory?
– IOS after router boot-up (except on the 2500 series where the IOS
is run directly out of flash)
– Routing tables
– ARP cache
– Buffers - packet buffering (shared RAM)
– packet hold queues (CCNP Remote Access)
– running-config file (coming up!)
 Cisco 2500 typically has about 8 MB of RAM.
NVRAM
This is not an actual picture of Cisco’s NVRAM.
 Non-Volatile Random Access Memory

– Stores the back-up configuration file, called startup-config
– NVRAM is not erased when the router is powered down
 whatis.com: “NVRAM is implemented by providing static RAM
with backup battery power or by saving its contents and
restoring them from an electrically erasable programmable ROM
(EPROM).”
 Typical Cisco 2500 has 32K of NVRAM
Flash These are not actual pictures of Cisco’s Flash.
 Flash is erasable, programmable ROM.

– Stores the router’s operating system (IOS – Internetwork Operating
System), sometime called the “image”
– Can be written over, so the on-board operating system can be
upgraded without pulling out ROM chips
– Can hold multiple copies (versions) of the operating system (if there
is enough flash memory)
 Whatis.com: Flash memory (sometimes called "flash RAM") is a type of
constantly-powered nonvolatile RAM that can be erased and
reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks.
 Cisco 2500 typically has 8 MB of Flash.
 Some routers/switches use PCMCIA cards for flash, which allow you to
keep various IOS versions on different flash cards.
ROM This is not an actual picture of Cisco’s ROM.
 Read-Only Memory
– power-on diagnostics
– bootstrap program
– Stripped down version of the operating system software (ios)
– Chip must be removed to upgrade ROM
Inside the Router
During bootup
running-config
IOS (running)
RAM
startup-config IOS Bootup program

ios (partial)
NOTE:
When the router is new or if the startup-config has been erased, a default
version of a running-config will be created in RAM.
If there is no startup-config, you will see this message displayed during
bootup:
Notice: NVRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase.
Inside the Router
running-config startup-config IOS Bootup program

IOS (running) ios (partial)
Config files
Router#show startup-config No startup-config
%% Non-volatile configuration memory is not present file on router
Router#show running-config
Building configuration...
Current configuration:
!
version 12.0
service timestamps debug uptime
service timestamps log uptime Default running-config file
no service password-encryption
!
hostname Router
!
ip subnet-zero
!
!
interface Ethernet0
no ip address
no ip directed-broadcast
shutdown
!
interface Serial0
no ip address
shutdown
!
Router#show running-config
The running-config
Current configuration:
!
version 12.0
service timestamps debug uptime
service timestamps log uptime
!
hostname Router
!
ip subnet-zero
!
!
interface Ethernet0
no ip address
shutdown
 The configuration file contains global, process, and interface information
that directly affects the operation of the router and its interface ports.
 All changes to the router are made to the running-config file and take
affect immediately on the router (there are only a couple of exceptions to
this).
– IP address
– Routing Protocols
– Router’s Name
– etc.
 You will learn how to configure the router shortly!
Router# copy running-config startup-config
During bootup
running-config
RAM
startup-config
 Changes to the router are automatically put in the running-config file.

 If the router loses power or reboots, everything in RAM is lost including
the running-config file.
 To make sure the changes to the router’s configuration remain saved,
you must copy the running-config from RAM into the startup-config into
NVRAM:
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Router#show startup-config startup-config file now

! identical to running-config
version 12.0 and the router will also have
service timestamps debug uptime these changes if the router
service timestamps log uptime reboots.
!
hostname Router
!
!
ip subnet-zero
!
interface Ethernet0
no ip address
shutdown
!
Or
Router# copy running startup
OR
Router# copy run start
OR
Any usage of the command or parameters, so that they are still uniquely
recognizable.
WARNING
 Using an incorrect configuration file name could overwrite the router’s IOS in
flash, as the router believes you are trying to copy a blank file into flash.
Router#copy running-config start-up Incorrect file name!

**** NOTICE ****
Flash load helper v1.0
This process will accept the copy options and then terminate
the current system image to use the ROM based image for the copy.
Routing functionality will not be available during that time.
If you are logged in via telnet, this connection will terminate.
Users with console access can see the results of the copy operation.
---- ******** ----
Proceed? [confirm]^C Press <control> C
%Copy cancelled by user request.
Router#
Or
Router# copy running startup
OR
Router# copy run start
OR
Any usage of the command or parameters, so that they are still
uniquely recognizable.
WARNING
 This is also incorrect, and will overwrite the startup-config with a blank
file. Incorrect file name!
Router#copy runningconfig startup-config

Destination filename [startup-config]? Press <control> C
?Bad filename
Router#
Show Run vs Show Start
show running-config
show startup-config
These commands can only be done in privilege mode

because they display password information.
Router Modes
Router Modes
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#
Router> enable
Router#
Router(config)# <mode-command>
Router(config-mode)#
Examining Status
Note: All of these commands can also be done in user mode

except for show running-config and show startup-config where
passwords are displayed. Some of these commands are not
relevant to CCNA students at this point, so do not feel overwhelmed
by the information they display.
Examining Status
Note: These are prior IOS version 11.0 commands.

Router# show version (RAM)
Router>show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS Version
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-D-L), Version 12.0(5), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Tue 15-Jun-99 20:08 by phanguye
Image text-base: 0x030380DC, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM Version – not usually an
issue
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c)XB2, PLATFORM SPECIFIC RELEASE SOFTWARE
(fc1)
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c)XB2, PLATFORM
SPECIFIC RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Router uptime is 49 minutes Router boot information

System restarted by reload
System image file is "flash:c2500-d-l_120-5.bin" Booted this IOS file from flash
Model & cisco 2516 (68030) processor (revision J) with 6144K/2048K bytes of memory.
CPU Processor board ID 10375144, with hardware revision 00000001 Amount of RAM
Bridging software. memory
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
Basic Rate ISDN software, Version 1.1.
1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
14 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 repeater port(s) Router interfaces
2 Serial network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s) Amount of NVRAM
32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY) Amount of Flash
Configuration register is 0x2102 Configuration Register, important for

password recovery. Must press space or
Router> return to get this last line!
Router# show flash (Flash)
Router>show flash
System flash directory:

File Length Name/status
1 6830452 c2500-d-l_120-5.bin IOS(s) in flash
[6830516 bytes used, 1558092 available, 8388608 total]
8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
Router> Amount of flash Total flash memory

Amount of flash free
being used
Router# show interfaces (Interfaces)
Router>show interfaces
Ethernet0 is administratively down, line protocol is down , using hub 0
Hardware is Lance, address is 0010.7b3a.cf84 (bia 0010.7b3a.cf84)
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input never, output 01:03:41, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
63 packets output, 11676 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
Serial0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
Hardware is HD64570
<text omitted>
Shows all interfaces!

Router# show interface <interface>
Router>show interface ethernet 0 status MAC Address
Ethernet0 is administratively down, line protocol is down , using hub 0
Hardware is Lance, address is 0010.7b3a.cf84 (bia 0010.7b3a.cf84)
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load
1/255 Routing metric information (later)
Data link Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
encapsulation ARP cache entries timer
(Ethernet-II) ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input never, output 01:05:35, output hang never
Queueing strategy: fifo Queuing (CCNP Remote Access)
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
Router>
Router# show interface <interface>
Where is the MAC Address?
Router>show interface serial 0
Hardware is HD64570
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load
1/255
Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
Last input never, output never, output hang never
Queueing strategy: fifo
0 carrier transitions
DCD=down DSR=down DTR=down RTS=down CTS=down
Router>
Router# show protocols (RAM)
Router>show protocols If this says disabled, no
Global values: routing or other TCP/IP
Internet Protocol routing is enabled functions can occur.
BRI0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
BRI0:1 is administratively down, line protocol is down
BRI0:2 is administratively down, line protocol is down
Ethernet0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
Router>
Router# show processes cpu (RAM)
Router>show processes cpu Generally, less than 60% is acceptable.
CPU utilization for five seconds:15%/14%; one minute: 14%;five minutes: 15%
PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process
1 80 984 81 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Load Meter
2 440 79 5569 0.57% 0.08% 0.06% 0 Exec
3 13912 993 14010 0.00% 0.28% 0.24% 0 Check heaps
4 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Pool Manager
5 0 2 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Timers
6 0 2 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 SerialBackgroun
7 384 89 4314 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 ARP Input
<text omitted>
Router# show memory (RAM)
Router>show memory
Head Total(b) Used(b) Free(b) Lowest(b) Largest(b)
Processor 8566C 5740948 1746344 3994604 3943756 3929988
I/O 600000 2097152 398396 1698756 1641676 1698588
Processor memory
Address Bytes Prev. Next Ref PrevF NextF Alloc PC What

8566C 1064 0 85AC0 1 31A971C List Elements
85AC0 2864 8566C 8661C 1 31A971C List Headers
8661C 3992 85AC0 875E0 1 314AD88 TTY data
<text omitted>
If you are having
memory or hardware
issues Cisco TAC will
help with this.
Router# show stacks (RAM)
Router>show stacks
Minimum process stacks: If there was an error-
Free/Size Name
2616/4000 Setup
induced reload, the
3308/4000 Autoinstall stack would appear at
2660/4000 DNS Snoop the end of the show
2568/4000 Init
1716/2000 LAPB Timer stacks output.
3464/4000 RADIUS INITCONFIG
5452/6000 BootP Resolver Cisco TAC will help
3568/4000 DHCP Client with this.
1964/4000 Exec
Interrupt level stacks:

Level Called Unused/Size Name
2 0 3000/3000 HUB interrupt
3 0 3000/3000 Serial interface state change interrupt
4 63 2784/3000 Network interfaces
5 22144 2896/3000 Console Uart
Router>
Router# show buffers (RAM)
Router>show buffers
Buffer elements:
500 in free list (500 max allowed) Buffer tuning should
134 hits, 0 misses, 0 created
Public buffer pools: be done with extreme
Small buffers, 104 bytes (total 50, permanent 50): caution and
49 in free list (20 min, 150 max allowed)
discussed in CCNP
96 hits, 0 misses, 0 trims, 0 created
0 failures (0 no memory) Internetwork
Middle buffers, 600 bytes (total 25, permanent 25): Troubleshooting.
0 failures (0 no memory)
Big buffers, 1524 bytes (total 50, permanent 50):
VeryBig buffers, 4520 bytes (total 10, permanent 10):
Large buffers, 5024 bytes (total 0, permanent 0):
Huge buffers, 18024 bytes (total 0, permanent 0):
Interface buffer pools:
Cabrillo College
Ch. 4 – Router Components – Part I

CCNA Semester 2
Rick Graziani, Instructor

Ccna2 4p1

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Cabrillo College

Ch. 4 – Router Components – Part I

Com1 or Com2 serial port

 Used “out of the box,” and usually only when necessary

 AUX port used to “call” a router using a modem

 RAM is the working storage area for a router.

 Non-Volatile Random Access Memory

 Flash is erasable, programmable ROM.

startup-config IOS Bootup program

running-config startup-config IOS Bootup program

 Changes to the router are automatically put in the running-config file.

Router#show startup-config startup-config file now

Router#copy running-config start-up Incorrect file name!

Router#copy runningconfig startup-config

These commands can only be done in privilege mode

Note: All of these commands can also be done in user mode

Note: These are prior IOS version 11.0 commands.

Router uptime is 49 minutes Router boot information

Configuration register is 0x2102 Configuration Register, important for

System flash directory:

Router> Amount of flash Total flash memory

Shows all interfaces!

Address Bytes Prev. Next Ref PrevF NextF Alloc PC What

Interrupt level stacks:

Ch. 4 – Router Components – Part I

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