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2. TYPES OF ROUTERS
i)branch router
ii)internet edge router
iii)service providers router
i)branch router
--used by small organizations
--series are as follows
--all are ISR router
800
1800
1900
2900
3800
4000
A.LAN PORT
--this is used to connect the router with LAN
a)AUI(DB-15)
b)ethernet port=10mbps
c)fast ethernet port=100mbps
d)gigabit ethernet port=1000mbps=1gbps
etc
B.WAN PORT
--this port is used to connect the router with WAN
a)serial port
i)DB60(60pins)
ii)DB26(26 pins)-smart serial interface
b)BRI(BASIC RATE INTERFACE) port
c)PRI(PRIMARY RATE INTERFACE) port
ii)administrative ports
--this port is used for administrative purposes like configuring the
router,password breaking etc
--it is also 2 types
a)local administration port
--console port(rj-45)
--this port is used when the router is physically connected with the pc locally
--this port is used for initial configuration,password breaking etc.
--this is also called as local administrator port
2.WHAT IS IOS?
--latest IOS by cisco is 15.9(3M)
--IOS stands for internetwork oerating system
--this is the operating system used by the networking devices
--it is a package can perform several functions
i)routing
ii)switching
iii)internetworking
--auto sensing
--auto completion
--not case sensitive
i)flash memory
--it is used to store the router's operating system
--it can store more than one IOS images
--flash memory is present on a processor board
--retain the content during routers power off
--allows to update software without removing the chips on processor
ii)RAM
--it is called dymanic RAM(DRAM)
--it is used to hold the running configuration of a router
--it stores the IOS image while working
--it is a very fast memory
--it stores routing table,ARP cache etc
--provides temporary memory for the configuration files while router is working
--can not retain the content during the router powered off
iii)NVRAM(NON-VOLATILE MEMORY)
--it is used to store the startup configuration files
--provides the storage for the configuration files
--it can retain the content during the power router powered off
iv)ROM
--It is available on router's processor board
--there are 4 components of a ROM
a)POST
b)bootstarp
c)ROMMON(ROM monitor mode)
d)RXBOOT
a)POST
--when the router is powered on,POST runs automatically
--it is a self diagnostic program which check all hardware components whther
working properly or not?
--if all hardware components are working properly then POST is successful and
router will go for booting
b)bootstarp
--it is used to locate the IOS and then load it into RAM
d)RXBOOT
--this is a mini-IOS that has command set which is similar to ROMMON
--this is used for IOS restoration
b)if post is successful then bootstrap checks flash for valid ios images.if
finds,then loads the first valid ios image from flash
c)if there is no valid ios image in flash then router will start broadcasting for a
TFTP server in LAN.TFTP server is used to take the backup of ios images
d)if no tftp is found in lan,then the router will load the RXBOOT mini-ios.mini-ios
allows us to manually connect to a tftp server to download a valid ios to flash.the
command prompt for RXBOOT looks like
Router(boot)>
e)if RXBOOT fails,the router will load the ROM MONITOR(ROMMON)which can also
connect to a TFTP server
f)after an ios loaded the router looks for the startup configuration files in the
nvram.if it is found then it is copied in ram and renamed as running configuration
g)if there is no configuration files found in nvram the router will broadcast for a
tftp server in lan to see if there is a configuration file is available or not
j)also startup configuration files are copied from navram and renamed as running
configuration file
Router>
Router>enable
Router# ----it indicates privileged exec mode
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)# ----it indicates global configuration mode
and all router configurations are done in this global configuration mode
iv.change the configuration register value from 0x2102 to 0x2142 because if the
cofiguration register value is 0x2102 means it will take ios from flash and startup
configuration fron nvram.here we want to bypass the nvram as the passwords are
stored in the nvram
v.so to bypass the nvram we need to change the configuration register value to
0x2142 which load the ios from the flash but bypass the nvram
ii.power off the router and again power on and press ctrl+break within 5 sec of
powe
6.WHAT IS IOS?