1.WHAT IS ROUTER?

--router is a layer-3(network layer)device which connects the hosts belong to the

different networks and establish the communication between them
--it uses IP address to identify the data packets
--it transfers the data packets from one network to the another network

2.WHAT ARE THE INTERFACES OF A ROUTER?

--mainly 2 types
i)data communication port
ii)administrative ports

i)data communication port

--this port is used for communicating the data between LAN and WAN
--it is also 2 types
A.LAN PORT
B.WAN PORT

A.LAN PORT
--this is used to connect the router with LAN
a)AUI(DB-15)
b)ethernet port=10mbps
c)fast ethernet port=100mbps
d)gigabit ethernet port=1000mbps=1gbps
etc

B.WAN PORT
--this port is used to connect the router with WAN
a)serial port
b)BRI(BASIC RATE INTERFACE) port
c)PRI(PRIMARY RATE INTERFACE) port

ii)administrative ports
--this port is used for administrative purposes like configuring the
router,password breaking etc
--it is also 2 types
a)local administration port
--console port(rj-45)
--this port is used when the router is physically connected with the pc locally
--this port is used for initial configuration

b)remote administration port

--auxilliary port(rj-45)

3.WHY CROSS CABLE IS REQUIRED TO CONNECT ROUTER WITH PC?

--CROSS CABLE IS REQUIRED TO CONNECT PC WITH ROUTER BECAUSE BOTH ARE DTE DEVICES

4.HOW TO ASSIGN IP ADDRESSES TO THE ROUTER PORTS?

--router's every communication port require IP ADDRESS
--every port must be a different netwrk
--the IP address of a lan port is the default gateway for that LAN and it must be a
valid host address
--two routers connected with each other directly must be in the same network

5.WHAT ARE THE MEMORIES PRESENT ON A ROUTER?

--there are several types of memories are present in a router
i)flash memory
ii)RAM
iii)NVRAM
iv)ROM
i)flash memory
--it is used to store the router's operating system
--it can store more than one IOS images
--flash memory is present on a processor board

ii)RAM
--it is used to hold the running configuration of a router
--it stores the IOS image while working
--it is a very fast memory
--it stores routing table,ARP cache

iii)NVRAM(NON-VOLATILE MEMORY)
--it is used to store the startup configuration files

iv)ROM
--It is available on router's processor board
--there are 4 components of a ROM
a)POST
b)bootstarp
c)ROMMON(ROM monitor mode)
d)RXBOOT

a)POST
--when the router is powered on,POST runs automatically
--it is a self diagnostic program which check all hardware components whther
working properly or not?
--if all hardware components are working properly then POST is successful and
router will go for booting

b)bootstarp
--it is used to locate the IOS and then load it into RAM

c)ROMMON(ROM monitor mode)

--IT IS A MINIMAL COMMAND SET THAT CAN BE USED TO CONNECT TO A TFTP SERVER AND
RESTORE A MISSING OR CORRUPTED IOS IMAGES

d)RXBOOT
--this is a mini-IOS that has command set which is similar to ROMMON
--this is used for IOS restoration

6.WHAT IS THE BOOTING PROCESS OF A ROUTER?

--when a cisco router boots up it performs a series of steps called the router boot
sequence
i)run the post
ii)find the ios
iii)load the ios to ram
iv)load the configuration files to the ram

a)the post runs

b)if post is successful then bootstrap checks flash for valuid ios images.if
finds,then loads the first valid ios image from flash
c)if there is no valid ios image in flash then router will start broadcasting for a
TFTP server in LAN.TFTP server is used to take the backup of ios images
d)if no tftp is found in lan,then the router will load the RXBOOT mini-ios.mini-ios
allows us to manually connect to a tftp server to download a valid ios to flash.the
command prompt for RXBOOT looks like
Router(boot)>
e)if RXBOOT fails,the router eill load the ROM MONITOR(ROMMON)which can also
connect to a TFTP server

f)after an ios loaded the router looks for the startup configuration files in the
nvram.if it is found then it is copied in ram and renamed as running configuration
g)if there is no configuration files found in nvram the router eill broadcast for a
tftp server in lan to see if there is a configuration file is available or not
h)if no tftp is contacted the router will go to the setup mode
i)ios image is in compressed formand during the booting it is decompressed and
copied to ram to run from there and also startup configuration files are copied
from navram and renamed as running configuration file

7.WHAT IS SETUP MODE?

--setup mode is used for basic configuration
--setup mode will run oly if there is no configuration file is found in navram
either because the router is brand new or because it has been erased
--setup mode asks a series of questions and apply the configuration to the device
based on our answers
--we can abort the setup mode by pressing ctrl+c or typing "no"

8.WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT MODES OF A ROUTER?

--cisco IOS provides a command line interface to the users to intreact with it
--there are 3 types of router modes in a cisco router
i)user exec mode
ii)privileged exec mode
iii)global configuration mode
*cisco has given the default hostname of a router is router

i)user exec mode

--this mode is used for the users to interact with the router's ios

Router> ----it indicates the user exec mode

ii)privilege exec mode

--this mode is used to verify the configurations

Router>
Router>enable
Router# ----it indicates privileged exec mode

iii)global configuration mode

--this mode is used to configure the router

Router#configure terminal
Router(config)# ----it indicates global configuration mode
and all router configurations are done in this global configuration mode

8.WHAT IS CONFIGURATION REGISTER?

--the configuration register is a four character herxadecimal value that can be
changed to manipulate the booting mode of a router.
--the default value of configuration register is 0x2102
--0x---indicates the following characters are hexadecimal numbers
--the fourth character is the configuration register is known as boot field
i)0x2100=always boot to ROMMON
ii)0x2101=always boot to RXBOOT
iii)0x2102=load the 1st valid ioas image from flash
--values from 2-F for the fourth character specify other ios image files in flash

9.HOW TO BREsAK THE PASSWORD OF A ROUTER?

i.configure the router with password and save it into nvram
ii.power off the router and again power on and press ctrl+break within 5 sec of
powe
iii.we enter to the rom monitor mode
iv.change the configuration register value from 0x2102 to 0x2142 because if the
cofiguration register value is 0x2102 means it will take ios from flash and startup
configuration fron nvram.here we want to bypass the nvram as the passwords are
stored in the nvram
v.so to bypass the nvram weneed to change the configuration register value to
0x2142 which load the ios from the flash but bypass the nvram
vi.reload the router
vii.copy the contrent of nvram(startup config) to ram
viii.modify the password
ix.again copy the content of ram(running config) to nvram(startup config)
x.change the configuration register value to default 0x2102
xi.reload the router

i.configure the router with password and save it into nvram

r1(config)#line con 0
r1(config-line)#password cisco
r1(config-line)#login
r1(config-line)#exit
r1(config)#enable secret ccna
r1(config)#exit
r1#write

ii.power off the router and again power on and press ctrl+break within 5 sec of
powe

iv.change the configuration register value from 0x2102 to 0x2142

rommon1>confreg 0x2142
rommon1>reset

vii.copy the contrent of nvram(startup config) to ram

r1#copy startup-config running-config

viii.modify the password

r1(config)#line con 0
r1(config-line)#no password
r1(config-line)#exit
r1(config)#no enable secret
r1#

ix.again copy the content of ram(running config) to nvram(startup config)

r1#copy running-config startup-config

x.change the configuration register value to default 0x2102

r1(config)#config-register 0x2102
r1(config)#exit
r1#reload

10.HOW TO TAKE BACKUP AND RESTORE THE IOS OF A ROUTER?

6.WHAT IS IOS?