1.WHAT IS NETWORK DEVICE?

--these are also called as internetworking devices because they work as

intermediate agent for data transmission in a network

2.WHAT IS THE NEED OF NETWORK DEVICES?

--internetworking devices are used to connect the multiple LAN segments to extend
the network
--they are also used to divide a large network into multiple small networks so that
devices can be managed properly
--it reduces the network traffic by doing packet filtering
--provides security
--provides internetworking facility

3.POPULAR NETWORKING DEVICES

i)repeater
ii)hub
iii)bridge
iv)switch
v)router
vii)firewall

i) REPEATER
--layer-1 device(physical layer)
--transmit bits or signal
--maximum port is 2
--it regenerate or reshaping the signal
--can not connect dissimilar LAN segments
--repeaters are 2 types
a)analog repeater--ONLY AMPLIFIES THE INCOMING SIGNAL
b)digital repeater--REMOVEs UNWANTED PICKUPs AND RESHAPE OR REGENERAT THE SIGNAL

ii).HUB
--it is a layer-1 device connect the networking devices within a LAN
--it is called as multiport repeater
--maximum port is 24
--can connect dissimilar LAN segment
--it is a half duplex device
--it is a broadcast device
--efficiency is 40-60%
--creates physical star topolgy but logical bus topology
--uses CSMA/CD for media access
--transmits bits or signals
--single broadcast domain and single collision domain
--hub are also 3 types
a)active hub
b)passive hub
c)hybrid hub

iii) SWITCH
--it is a layer-2 device(data link layer)connect the devices in a LAN
--it is a LAN device
--maximum port is 48
--can not connect dissimilar LAN segments
--it is a full-duplex device(every port of a switch can transmit and receives the
data simutaneously)
--it is an unicast device
--efficienycy is 100%
--creates physical star topolgy but logical mesh topology
--uses MAC address to identify the devices in a LAN
--transmits frames
--maintain MAC table
--it switches frames from one device to another device
--does error checking and error correction also
--it has single broadcast domain but multiple collision domains
--switch does broadcasting of frames untill full fill the MAC table.once the MAC
table is full filled switch starts unicasting of frames
--in switch broadcast problem cant be removed but can be reduced by using a
technology called as VLAN(virtual LAN)
--switch removes collision problem by microsegmentation
--single port connecting single device creates a microsegment
--every microsegment is a collision domain
--collision problem is removed at layer-2 of OSI model by switch

4.WHAT IS MICROSEGMENTATION?
--microsegmentation is a technology which is present in switch due to which
collision problem has been removed from the switch
--single port connecting single device creates one microsegment

L1-COLLISION+BROADCAST=HUB
L2-NO COLLISION+BROADCAST=SWITCH
L3-NO COLLISION+NO BROADCAST=ROUTER

5.IN WHICH LAYER COLLISION PROBLEM HAS BEEN REMOVED?

-- in Datalink

6.WHICH DEVICE REMOVES COLLISION PROBLEM?

-- switch

7.IN WHICH LAYER BROADCAST PROBLEM HAS BEEN REMOVED?

--in network layer

8.WHICH DEVICE REMOVES BROADCAST PROBLEM?

-- router

9.TYPES OF SWITCHES
--switches are 2 types
a)manageable switch
b)non-manageable switch

10.WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY MANAGABLE SWITCH

--the switch which has IOS(internetwork operating system) and can be configured as
per the requirement of the network is called as manageable switch
--console port is present
--it is very costly

11.WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY NON-MANAGABLE SWITCH?

--the switch which doesn't have any IOS is called as non-manageable switch
--it cant be configured
--no console port is present
--it is used for only connecting the devices in the nework where no network
configuration is required by using the switch
--it is comparatively cheap

12.WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MANAGEABLE SWITCHES?

--there are 2 types of manageable switches
i)L2 switch
ii)L3 switch

i)L2 switch
--works in datalink layer
--uses mac address to identify the devices in a network
--transfer the frames
--maintain MAC table
--does switching of frames
--example is 2900 series switches

ii)L3 switch
--works in datalink and network layer both
--uses mac and ip address both to identify the devices in a network
--transfer frames and packets both
--maintain MAC table and routing table also
--does switching of frames and routing of packets also
--it is used for inter VLAN routing
--examples are 3500,4500,6500 series switches

13.WHAT IS THE USE OF CONSOLE CABLE?

--console cable is used to configure the router and switch
--it has two ports on both sides,one is rj-45 which connects the console port of
switch or router and another one is serial port of 9 pins which connects the db-9
or serial port of pc
--it is also called as roll over cable

14.WHAT IS SWITCHING?
--the process of transfering the frames from one device to another device is
called as switching
--switching are 3 types
i)store and forward switching --slow but error-free
ii)cut through switching --fast but may not be error-free
iii)fragment-free switching --fast and error-free

i)store and forward switching

--switch takes the whole frame 1518 bytes in its buffer(temporary memory)
--check every bytes for error
--if each byte is error-free then only forward the frame,else drop the frame and
inform the sender to resend the frame once again
--this is error-free switching but very slow

ii)cut through switching

--in this type of switching switch checks only 1st 6 bytes means the destination
MAC address and forward the frame to the destination without checking the error
--this a very fast way of switching but may not be error-free

iii)fragment-free switching
--in this type of switching switch checks only 1st 64 bytes of a frame which
includes(2 bytes preamble+6 bytes d.mac+6 bytes s.mac+46 bytes of data+4 bytes of
crc=64bytes)
--if error comes then it will come within this 64 bytes else not
--so switch checks only 64 bytes which is called fragment
--if fragment is error-free then whole frame is error-free
--this switching is also called as runtless switching
--this is the cisco default switching mode
--this is a very fast and error-free switching

15.WHAT IS ROUTER?
--router is a layer-3 device which can enable the communication between the hosts
belong to the different networks
--router uses IP address to identify the devices in a network
--it transmits packets from one network to the different networks
--it maintain a routing table
--router filters the data traffic and saves the WAN bandwidth
--it provides L-3 security
--router does network traffic management
--it can connects both LAN and WAN
--its a WAN device
--it doesn't support broadcasting of packets

16. DIFFERENT PORTS OF A ROUTER

--router ports are broadly categorized in two ways
i)data communication ports
ii)administrative ports

i)data communication port

--these ports are required to transfer the data packets between the devices
--data communication ports are further classifed as
a)LAN port
b)WAN port

a)LAN port
--LAN port is used to connect the router with LAN
--AUI port(DB-15)
--ethernet port(RJ-45)
--fast ethernet(RJ-45)
--gigabit ethernet(RJ-45)

b)WAN port
--WAN port is used to connect the router with WAN
--serial port(60 pins,26 pins(smart serial interface))
--ISDN port(BRI+PRI)--RJ-45

ISDN=INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK

BRI=basic rate interface
PRI=primary rate interface

ii)administrative ports
--administrative port is used for administrative purposes
--it is used for configuring the router,password breaking etc
--it is also 2 types
a)local administration ports
b)remote administration port

a)local administration ports

--this is called as console port
--it is a rj-45 connector
--this port is used to configure the router when it is physically connected to the
pc
--console port is connected with DB-9(M)/SERIAL PORT/COM PORT/RS-232 port of pc
through console cable or roll-over cable
--console port is must for initial configuration

b)remote administration port

--this is called as auxilliary port
--this also a rj-45 connector
--used for remote configuration
--when the router is not physically connected with the pc then we need auxilliary
port

16.HOW TO ASSIGN IP ADDRESSES TO ROUTER?

--router's every communication port(LAN and WAN) must have an ip address
--every port must be a different network

17.WHAT IS COLLISION?
--collision is a situation when frames sent by one NIC get collided with the
frames sent by another NIC

18.WHAT IS BROADCAST?
--broadcast is a situation where frames sent by one NIC is received by the all
other NICs in a network is called as broadcast

19.WHAT IS COLLISON DOMAIN?

--collection of NICs where frames sent by one NIC is get collided with the frames
sent by other NIC is called as collision domain

20.WHAT IS BROADCAST DOMAIN?

--it is the collection of NICs where frames sent by one NIC is received by all
other NICs in a network is called as broadcast domain

21.WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUB AND SWITCH

HUB
i)layer-1 device
ii)half-duplex device
iii)broadcast device
iv)efficiency=40-60%
v)maximum port is=24
vi)transmits bits or signal
vii)single collision domain and single broadcast domain
viii)physical start topology and logical bus topology

SWITCH
II)layer-2 device
ii)full-duplex device
iii)unicast device
iv)efficiency=100%
v)maximum port is=48
vi)transmits frame
vii)multiple collision domain and single broadcast domain
viii)physical start topology and logical mesh topology

12.WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROUTER AND SWITCH?