S

O
H
M
Logistic Variations
T

Cool Logistics: Food, Flowers & Medicines, The

Vital Cool Chain, Time and Temperature
Management,
Animals by Air: Diseases and Regulations, Moving
Domestic Pets, Zoo and Exotic Animals
S
O Logistics Variation
H
M
T Logistics variation means types of
logistics depending on types of
cargo which is moved from one
place to another and special care
required for that.
S
O INTRODUCTION
H
M Logistics Management is
T  “process of planning, implementing, and controlling
the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods,
services, and related information from point of origin
to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming
to customer requirements.

Logistics = Supply + Materials management +

Distribution
S
MODERN CONCEPTS
O
 Today Modern logistics is based on modern technology and
H
many new concepts are in use by the organizations, some new
M concepts are :-
T
1. 3pl logistics
2. 4pl logistics
3. Integrated logistics
4. Centralize warehouse
5. Reverse logistics
6. Relief logistics
7. Lean logistics
8. Agile logistics
9. Green Logistics
10. Cool Logistics
S
O
H 1.3PL - A third-party logistics provider is a firm that
M provides service to its customers of
outsourced logistics services for part, or all of
T
their SCM functions.
 A 3PL service may be a single service such as
transportation or warehouse or it can be a bundle of
services managing the entire supply chain.
 Ex- DHL, Kuehne & Nagel
S
O
H 2. 4PL - Arrangement in which a firm contracts out its
M logistical operations to two or more specialist
T firms (the third party logistics) and hires another
specialist firm (the fourth party) to coordinate
the activities of the third parties.
 4PL is a general contractor who manages other
3PLs, truckers, forwarders, custom house agents, and
others, essentially taking responsibility of a complete
process for the customer.
 Ex – UPS, Ceva, Panalpina
S
O
H When was UPS formed and where?
M
T
S
O
H 28 August 1907, Seattle, Washington, United States
M
T
S
O
H 3. Integrated Logistics – System wide management of
M entire logistics chain as a single entity, instead of
separate management
T of individual logistical functions.
 Originally created for military support.
S
O
. Centralize warehouse - A storage facility
H
within a warehouse management system that is
M part of a supply chain. The warehouse is located in
T the most centrally located position to afford
a shipping agent the ability to
temporarily house shipments for distribution to
other warehouse facilities or final shipping
destination.
S
O
H 5. Reverse Logistics - Reverse logistics is also
M known as Product Recall.
T 6. It may be defined as a process of moving goods
from their place of use, back to their place of
manufacture for re-processing, refilling, repair,
and recycling or waste disposal.
 Ex- Toyota Motor - Accelerator Pedal, Poorly
Fitting Floor Mats trapped Pedals forced the
Recall Of 5.3 million Cars In US & Europe.
S
O
H 6. Relief Logistics - is a branch of logistics which
M specializes in organizing the delivery and
T warehousing of supplies during natural disasters
or complex emergencies to the affected area and
people.
S
O
H 7. Lean Logistics - In today’s domestic and global
M economies, wholesalers, distributors, manufacturers,
T retailers, suppliers, and everyone else concerned in the
supply chain are under pressure to reduce and balance
their costs.
8. The best way for them to achieve this is to implement
lean logistics.
 So, we can say that Lean logistics is management of
eliminating waste from the internal and external
supply chain and this is achieved by reducing
excessive inventories, replenishment times and
unnecessary costs. Lean supply chains are designed to
pull, not push, to replenish inventory levels.
S
O
H 8. Agile Logistics - An agile supply chain is a system of product
M distribution concerned with doing things quickly, saving costs,
being responsive to market demands, maintaining flexibility,
T and keeping productivity high.
• An effective supply chain should be adaptive and more quick.
Each order must be handled differently. Each customer has its
own set of instructions and requirements to satisfy its supply
chain.
• Agile manufacturing is seen as the next step after LEAN in
the evolution of production methodology.
• The key difference between the two is like between a thin and
an athletic person, agile being the latter.
• One can be neither, one or both, both factor is depend upon
the Customer Order Cycle.
S
O
H Green Logistics
M Green logistics have its origin in the mid 1980s
T and was a concept to characterize logistics system
and approaches that use advanced technology and
equipment to minimize environmental damage
during operations.
Green logistics describes all attempts to measure
and minimize the ecological impact of logistics
activities.
S
O
H  Cool Logistics

M It is derived from the concept of cold chain or cool

chain signifies the series of actions and equipment applied to
T maintain a product within a specified low-temperature range
from harvest/production to consumption.
A cold chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain.
An unbroken cold chain is an uninterrupted series of
refrigerated production, storage and distribution activities,
along with associated equipment and logistics, which maintain
a desired low-temperature range.
It is used to preserve and to extend and ensure the shelf life of
products, such as fresh agricultural produce, seafood, frozen
food, photographic film, chemicals, and pharmaceutical
drugs.
S
O Cool Chain/Cold Chain
H
M The cold chain involves the transportation of
T temperature sensitive products along a supply chain
through thermal and refrigerated packaging methods
and the logistical planning to protect the integrity of
these shipments.
There are several means in which cold chain products
can be transported, including refrigerated trucks and
railcars, refrigerated cargo ships, reefers as well as by
air cargo.
S Largest Food Exports By Country
O
H Value of Food Exports
Rank Country
M (US Dollars, Thousands)

T 1 United States 72,682,349.79

2 Germany 34,628,800.73
3 United Kingdom 29,540,218.71
4 China 25,152,286.27
5 France 24,114,557.76
6 Netherlands 23,271,570.93
7 Japan 21,870,881.77
8 Canada 21,803,448.88
9 Belgium 15,742,034.88
10 Italy 13,890,507.81
S
O Top 10 commodities which are exported
H Cut flowers
M Fish
T Other vegetables
Tropical fruits
Leguminous vegetables
Other fruits
Meat
Soft berries, grapes and figs
Cut foliage
Sea food ( except fish)
S
O
H Name some tropical fruits.
M
T
S
O
H coconut, passion fruit, papaya, guava, starfruit,
M pineapple, kiwi, acai, mango and banana
T
S
O Cool Chain is
H uninterrupted storage and distribution temperature-
M controlled system.
T A given temperature range is maintained to extend and
ensure the shelf life of produce and floral products.
It involves the transportation of temperature sensitive
products through logistical planning to protect the
integrity of these shipments.
Approximately 40 percent of all foods are refrigerated
at some point and 15 percent of global energy
consumption is devoted to refrigeration.
S A cold chain is the interaction between
O these three areas:
H
M Product: A product requires specific temperature and
T humidity conditions. These conditions dictate its
transport.
Origin/Destination: The respective locations of where
floral and produce are grown and consumed. Because
of advances in cold chain logistics, it is possible to use
increasingly distant sourcing strategies.
Distribution: The methods and infrastructure
available to transport a product in a temperature-
controlled environment which can involve reefers,
trucks and warehousing facilities.
S
O
H
M
T
S Several technologies are closely interacting in a
O sequential manner to support the cold chain:
H
 Monitoring: Devices and systems monitor the condition of the
M cold chain, such as temperature and humidity, throughout all
T stages.
 Storage: Key technological innovations for storage are better
energy efficiency technologies that enable the facility to
maintain a range of temperatures.
 Terminal: Since a growing quantity of cold chain goods are
shipped internationally, transport terminals such as ports are
dedicating areas to cold chain logistics.
 Transport: A range of transport technologies are available and
have been improved to transport cold chain goods. Reefer
vehicles and containers are among the most common
technologies being used.
S
O Time/Temperature Control for Safe Food
H Time and Temperature Control for Safe Food. Some
M foods require time and temperature control to
T maintain safety (TCS foods), also known as potentially
hazardous foods (PHF).
These foods require time/temperature control to limit
the growth of pathogenic microorganisms or the
production of toxins.
S These foods have a well-documented history of

O causing foodborne illness when certain time

and temperature requirements are not met for
H holding, cooking, reheating and cooling.
M Inadequate time/ temperature controls can
T allow for microbial growth.
Examples include:
 Improper hot or cold holding
 Improper cooling
 Improper cooking
 Improper reheating
 Leaving food in the temperature danger zone
(40-140°F) for more than 2 hours
S
O TCS Foods
H An animal food that is raw or heat-treated, e.g., meat,
M poultry, milk, fish, shellfish, crabs, and lobster
T A plant food that is heat-treated
Raw seed sprouts (all types)
Cut melons
Cut leafy greens
Cut tomatoes or mixtures of cut tomatoes
Garlic-in-oil mixtures (Note: this does not include
commercially prepared acidified products that you
may find on the shelves at the grocery store).
S Cold Chain Equipment
O
H The following types of cold chain equipment for
M transportation vehicles were created to keep perishable
T products at the ideal temperature:
Isothermal equipment has isolating walls, doors,
ceiling, and floor, which limits the exchange of heat
between the exterior and the interior of the van.
Refrigerated equipment has a non-mechanical cold
source that can reduce the interior temperature and
maintain it for an average exterior temperature of 30ºC to
-20ºC.
Freezer has a cold production mechanism to reduce the
interior temperature of the empty space and maintain it at
a consistent temperature between -12ºC and -20ºC.
S Transporting Perishable Goods
O
H
M
T
 •Temperature Standards for the
S
O Cold Chain
H
M
T
 Providing Temperature Controlled
S
Environments
O
H  The success of industries that rely on the cold chain comes

M down to knowing how to ship a product with temperature

T
control adapted to the shipping circumstances.

 Different products require the maintenance of different

temperature levels to ensure their integrity throughout the

transport chain.

 The industry has responded with the setting of temperature

standards that accommodate the majority of products.

S
O
H
 The most common temperature standards are “banana” (13
M
T °C), “chill” (2 °C), “frozen” (-18 °C) and “deep-frozen” (-

29 °C), each related to specific product groups.

 Staying within this temperature range is vital to the integrity

of a shipment along the supply chain and for perishables, it

enables to ensure optimal shelf life.

 Any divergence can result in irrevocable and expensive

damage; a product can simply lose any market value or utility.

S  Being able to ensure that a shipment will remain within a
O
temperature range for an extended period of time comes
H
down largely to the type of container that is used and the
M
T refrigeration method.
 About 20% of all the energy consumed in cold chain

logistics involves cargo refrigeration.

 Factors such as duration of transit, the size of the

shipment and the ambient or outside temperatures

experienced are important in deciding what type of

packaging is required and the related level of energy

consumption.
S
O
H
M They can range from small insulated boxes that

T require dry ice or gel packs, rolling containers,

to a 53 footer reefer which has its own powered

refrigeration unit.
S The major cold chain technologies in
O providing a temperature-controlled
H environment during transport involve:
M
T
 Dry ice. Solid carbon dioxide, is about -80°C and is capable of

keeping a shipment frozen for an extended period of time.

 It is particularly used for the shipping of pharmaceuticals,

dangerous goods, and foodstuffs and in refrigerated unit load

devices for air cargo.

 Dry ice does not melt, instead, it sublimates when it comes in

contact with air.

S
O
 Gel packs. Large shares of pharmaceutical and medicinal
H
shipments are classified as chilled products, which means they
M
T must be stored in a temperature range between 2 and 8°C.
 The common method to provide this temperature is to use gel

packs, or packages that contain phase changing substances that can

go from solid to liquid and vice versa to control an environment.

 Depending on the shipping requirements, these packs can either

start off in a frozen or refrigerated state. Along the transit process,

they melt to liquids, while at the same time capturing escaping

energy and maintaining an internal temperature.

S
O
H
M
T
S
O
H
 Eutectic plates. Also known as “cold plates”. The principle is
M
similar to gel packs. Instead, plates are filled with a liquid and can
T
be reused many times.

 Eutectic plates have a wide range of applications, such as

maintaining cold temperatures for rolling refrigerated units.

 They can also be used in delivery vehicles to keep the temperature

constant for short periods of time, a process that can be suitable for

deliveries in noise-sensitive areas or for night deliveries.

S
O
Liquid nitrogen. An especially cold substance, of about
H
M -196°C, used to keep packages frozen over a long period
T of time.

Mainly used to transport biological cargo such as tissues

and organs.

It is considered as a hazardous substance for the purpose

of transportation.
S
O
H
 Quilts. Insulated pieces that are placed over or around freight
M
T to act as a buffer in temperature variations and to maintain the

temperature relatively constant.

 Thus, frozen freight will remain frozen for a longer time

period, often long enough not to justify the usage of more

expensive refrigeration devices.

 Quilts can also be used to keep temperature-sensitive freight

at room temperature while outside conditions can

S  Reefers. The generic name for a temperature-controlled
O transport unit, which can be a van, small truck, a semi-
H
trailer or a standard ISO container.
M
 These units, which are insulated, are specially designed to
T
allow temperature-controlled air circulation maintained by

an attached and independent refrigeration plant.

 A reefer is, therefore, able to keep the cargo temperature

cool and even warm.

 The term reefer increasingly applies to refrigerated forty-

foot ISO containers with the dominant size being 40 high-

cube footers (45R1 being the size and type code).

S Transportation of Perishable Goods by Land
O
H Trucks transporting perishable goods have different
M cold systems, which may or may not be mechanized
T (ice or dry ice is often used).
Rail should have an isolating lining, as well as a
special system for refrigeration, loading, and
unloading.
Dry ice is often used to keep goods cold.
S Transportation of Perishable Goods by Sea
O
H Goods are transported in refrigerated ships that are
M fully equipped with systems to circulate air properly.
T You can also ship in refrigerated containers
(commonly known as reefers). Logistics operators are
in charge of consolidation or deconsolidation.
Before transporting perishable goods, a “temperature
requirement sheet” is provided to indicate the
temperature at which the product must be kept in the
refrigerated container.
S
O
H
M
T
S
O
H
M
T
S Transportation of Perishable Goods by Air
O
H This is the best option for transporting perishable
M goods.
T Each airport has a special area for handling perishable
goods where temperature can be controlled using
refrigerated chambers and freezers.
These areas have customs inspection points that are
guarded at all times by highly-qualified, specialized
personnel, which ensure that the goods are kept at the
optimal temperature at all times.
S Operational Conditions of Cold Chain
O Logistics
H
M
T
S
O Temperature Integrity along a Cold Chain
H
M
T
S The Cold Chain Technology
O
H
M
T
S
O
H When did cargo planes evolve?
M
T a. 1880s
b. 1890s
c. 1920s
d. 1930s
S
O
H 1920s. For military purposes in the World War II. Post
M war, several other custom-built cargo planes evolved.
T
S
O
H On a cargo aircraft, what is the storage space called
M where the goods or cargo are kept?
T
S
O
H Cargo hold.
M
T
S
O
H Which is the world’s biggest civilian cargo aircraft?
M
T
S
O
H The Antonov-225 Mriya with a total airlifted payload
M of 280 tons. It was built in the Ukrainian SSR within
T the Soviet
S
O
H  Why do freighters have high wing position?
M
T
S
O
H For easier loading and unloading. It allows big size
M cargo to move beneath the wing, and to bring the
T fuselage closer to the ground thus facilitating transport
without interfering with engines & propellers.
S
O
H Who won the “Air Cargo Handling Agent of the Year”
M award at the World Air Cargo Awards 2019 held in
T Munich in June this year?
S
O
H Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited (Hactl)
M which is Hong Kong’s largest independent cargo
T handler. This is their 7th win in the 13 years of the
competition.
S
O
H Which airport holds the top spot as the busiest cargo
M airport?
T
S
O
H Hong Kong International Airports (HKG).
M HKG forecasts its total capacity for cargo and mail to
T reach approximately 10 million tonnes by 2035, from
5.1 million tonnes in 2018.
This is due to increased cross-border e-commerce,
high value cargo & enhancing regional services
S
O
H How much did air cargo demand grow in 2018 YOY,
M measured in freight tonne kilometers (FTKs)
T a. -3.5% b. 1% c. 3.5% d. 5%
S
O
H 3.5%. However, it is noteworthy that freight capacity
M increased by 5.4% outpacing demand in spite of
T weakening of global economic activity and consumer
confidence at the end of 2018.
S
O
H • Name the industries using air cargo extensively?
M
T
S
O
H Pharma, livestock, electronics, e-commerce, mail
M services, perishable goods, oil & gas, humanitarian and
T relief, mining, construction, metals, etc.
S
O
H What are the prominent factors to consider when
M choosing an air cargo charter broker?
T
S
O
H In addition to the obvious – their ability to match
M customer’s requirements to the right aircraft –
T capability of handling full air freight exports &
imports, permits, customs clearance, surface
transportation before departure, and arrival &
transportation check at airport. In addition,
transparency with the customer, service quality and
accreditation are key too.
S
O
H  What are the different types of cargo aircraft?
M
T
S
O
H Derivatives of non-cargo aircraft (those that have been
M converted from airliner to freighter by
T upgrade/modification)
dedicated civilian cargo aircraft (specially designed as
a freighter)
joint civil-military cargo aircraft (available to military
in case of an emergency)
upcoming unpiloted cargo aircraft (several prototypes
are being tested)
S
O
H
M
T

Identify this piece of equipment found on cargo ships.

Cargo crane
Hatch cover
Cargo net
Lifeboat
S
O
H Cargo crane
M
T
S
O
H
M
T
S
O
H
M
T
Any idea what piece of equipment is shown in this image?
 Cargo crane
 Hatch cover
 Cargo net
 Lifeboat
S
O
H Hatch cover
M
T
S
O
H
M
T
S
O
H Cargo net
M
T
S
O ANIMALS BY AIR
H
M When dealing with live
T animals wide variety of
conditions, regulations and
considerations are brought to
bear.
These apply to the animals
themselves, for their health
and wellbeing, but equally to
the grooms and attendants
looking after the animals in
transit.
S
O
H Horses, breeding stock, large zoo animals will be
M transported on board a freighter craft.
T Smaller animals like cats, dogs, monkeys and fish are
most likely to travel in the belly hold compartments of
passenger aircrafts.
Wide body aircrafts like Boeing 777 or 747-8 have
considerable belly hold capacity and can accommodate
the cages of fully grown lions.
S
O Governing bodies
H  IATA lists various regulations that are applied globally.

M  The Animal Transport Association (ATA) based in the U.S. has

developed rules and the advisory conditions and is largely
T dedicated in promoting the well being of animals in transport.
 Despite the combined efforts of the global regulatory bodies ,
however many of the regulations are flouted in countries where
illegal trade continues.
 Regulations are set by IATA and the protection of endangered
species is governed by CITES ( Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species) regulations.
 International Pet and Animal Transportation Association ( IPATA).
 The World Association of Zoo and Aquarium ( WAZA).
S
O Animal diseases and regulations
H
M
T
S Animals are classified in to below
O for transportation purpose:
H
M Pets which may be include some laboratory animals.
T Agricultural, covering the full range of cattle, pigs,
sheep, goats and poultry.
Horses and equine species which includes racehorses,
show horses, polo ponies and breeding stock.
Zoo animals including dolphins, sharks and whales,
Exotics which includes monkeys, lemurs, tropical
birds, snakes and reptiles, insects, breed and a number
of rare breed.
S
O
H
M
T
 Live Animals By Air
S
O IATA's Live Animals Regulations (LAR) is the
H worldwide standard for transporting live animals by
M commercial airlines. Whether it is a pet, an animal
transported for zoological or agricultural purposes or
T for any other reason, the objective of the LAR is to
ensure all animals are transported safely and
humanely by air. The 46th edition of the regulations
came into effect on 1 January 2020

IATA ensures that both safety and animal welfare are

addressed in all regulatory issues pertaining to
transportation of live animals by air. IATA coordinates
the Live Animals and Perishables Board (LAPB) and
provides key input to the airline industry on issues
such as animal welfare, identification, and animal
S
O
H • The IATA Live Animals Regulations (LAR) is the global
standard and the essential guide to transporting animals by
M air in a safe, humane and cost-effective manner.​​
• It includes requirements on the transport of live animals by
T air including requirements on handling, marking, labeling as
well as documentation.

• Whether you are a shipper, a freight forwarder, a handler, an airline, or

an animal care professional, the LAR is a must for everyone involved
in the transport of live animals regardless of the mode of transport.
• It is the only worldwide standard to be followed for handling and
transporting live animals by air.
• The LAR provides you with the most current and efficient practices for
your live animal cargo operations and an integral tool to achieve cost
savings and avoid delays by guaranteeing your shipments are problem-
free and compliant with international or local regulations
 The LAR includes:
S
• Up-to-date airline and government requirements pertaining to the
O transport of live animals
• Requirements on handling, marking & labeling
H • Information on the necessary documentation needed when
M transporting live animals
• A comprehensive classification of 1000’s of animal species along
T with the container specifications required for their transport
• Guidelines for the non-air transport of live animals

Content of Checklist for Live Animal Acceptance while Transporting

• General Acceptance
• Airway Bill
• Shipper’s Certificate
• Container
• Labeling and Marking
• Feeding and Watering