Linear Differential Equations: Theory of Solutions

Test if Homogenous
Linear Differential Equations:

is homogeneous; if not is nonhomogeneous. A linear differential equation has constant coefficients

all the coefficients bj(x) are constants if one or more of these coefficients is not constant, the equation has
variable coefficients.
State the order of each of the following differential equations and determine whether any are
linear:

2x 𝑏1 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥
2 𝑏 0 ( 𝑥 )=− sin 𝑥 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=2

nonlinear
𝑏 3 ( 𝑥 )= y 𝑏1 ( 𝑥 ) = x 1 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )= x
2

′′ ′ ′ 4
𝑦 + y =0
′′ ′ ′ 4
𝑦 + y =0 n ( order )= 4 ; non linear
EXAMPLE: The set {x, 5x, 1, sin x}
𝑛=2 ; 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥=2 𝑥 2=𝑛𝑥𝑛

𝑊 (𝑒 𝑥
,𝑒 −𝑥
) =¿
¿ ( − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒− 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑥 )

¿ ( − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 )
¿ ( − 1 ) − (1 )=− 2
𝑛=3 ; 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥=3 𝑥 3=𝑛𝑥𝑛

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑑(𝑥 ) 𝑑 (𝑥 ) 𝑥
2 3
𝑑 (𝑥 ) 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑊 ( 𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥
2 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 2𝑥 3 𝑥2
𝑑2 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑2 ( 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑2 ( 𝑥 3 ) 0 2 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑒𝑡 3 𝑥2
0 2 6 𝑥

2 3
𝑥 𝑥
2 𝑥
1
0 𝑥 𝑥 ¿1 2 𝑥 ¿0 2 ¿
2 𝑥
2
3 𝑥
6 𝑥
¿2[ ( 𝑥 ∗ 2 𝑥 ∗ 6 𝑥 ) + ( 𝑥 2 ∗ 3 𝑥 2 ∗ 0 ) + ( 𝑥3 ∗ 1 ∗ 2 ) ]

¿ [ 12 𝑥 +0 + ( 2 𝑥 ) =14 𝑥 ]
3 3 3

¿ [ ( 0 ∗ 2 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥 ) +(2 ∗ 3 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥 ) +( 6 𝑥 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝑥 )]
3 2 2
-
¿ [ ( 0 ) +6 𝑥 + ( 6 𝑥 ) ]=12 𝑥
3 3 3
Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations with Constant
Coefficients

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