Introducing Statistics

SIR LY
 Statistics
• Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to be able to make a
decision.
• The word “statistics” actually comes from the word “state”—because
governments have been involved in the statistical activities, especially the
conduct of censuses either for military or taxation purposes.
• The Bible mentions conducting a census in several instances
OT. 2 Samuel 24: David instructed to take a census of the people of
Israel and Judah
NT. Luke 2:1-20 describes a census that brought Joseph and Mary to
Bethlehem where Jesus was born.
Censuses in the Bible were typically conducted for taxation or military
recruitment purposes
Statistics enables us to:
• characterize persons, objects, situations, and
phenomena;
• explain relationships among variables;
• formulate objective assessments and
comparisons; and, more importantly
• make evidence-based decisions and predictions.
Statistical Process in Solving a Problem

Do dogs eat more than cat?

 Elements in making decision or solution to
a problem (Statistical process)
• Planning or designing the collection of data
to answer statistical questions in a way that
maximizes information content and
minimizes bias
• Collecting the data as required in the plan;
•Verifying the quality of the data after
they were collected
 Elements in making decision or solution to
a problem (Statistical process)
• Summarizing the information extracted
from the data; and
• Examining the summary statistics so that
insight and meaningful information can be
produced to support decision-making or
solutions to the question or problem at
hand
Identify which of the following questions are
answerable using a statistical process.
1. What is a typical size of a Filipino family?
2. How many hours in a day?
3. How old is the oldest man residing in the
Philippines?
4. Is planet Mars bigger than planet Earth?
5. What is the average wage rate in the country?
Identify which of the following questions are
answerable using a statistical process.
6. Would Filipinos prefer eating bananas rather
than apple?
7. How long did you sleep last night?
8. How much a newly-hired public school teacher
in NCR earns in a month?
9. How tall is a typical Filipino?
10.Did you eat your breakfast today?
EXPLORING DATA
Data collection activity

• Preliminaries
Note:
- the student number given to you are meant to
identify you without having to know your specific
identities.
- This will help protect the confidentiality of
information
Data collection activity

• In statistical activities, facts are collected from

respondents for purposes of getting aggregate
information, but confidentiality should be protected.
• agencies mandated to collect data is bound by law to
protect the confidentiality of information provided by
respondents.
Data collection activity

• Preliminaries
• Performing the data collection
Use the data sheet given to you
• Consolidate the data
Contextualization of Data

DATA?
Point of View

A collection of facts from experiments,

observations, sample surveys and
censuses, and administrative reporting
systems
Do you consider this collection as
DATA?
3, red, F, 156, 4, 65, 50, 25, 1, M, 9, 40, 68,
blue, 78, 168, 69, 3, F, 6, 9, 45, 50, 20, 200,
white, 2, pink, 160, 5, 60, 100, 15, 9, 8, 41,
65, black, 68, 165, 59, 7, 6, 35, 45
DEFINITION

•Data are facts and figures that are

presented, collected and analyzed.
•Data are either numeric or non-numeric
and must be contextualized.
How to contextualized data?
6 W’s (5W’S, 1H)
• WHO ( Who provided the data?)
• WHAT ( What are the information from the respondents?; What is the
unit of measurement used for each information?)
• WHEN (When was the data collected?)
• WHERE (Where was the data collected?)
• WHY ( Why was the data collected?)
• HoW (HoW was the data collected?)
Note:
• Once the data are contextualized, there is now the meaning of the
collection of number and symbols
 KEY POINTS
• Providing correct information in a government data
collection activity is a responsibility of every citizen in the
country.
• Data confidentiality is important in a data collection
activity.
• Census is collecting data from all possible respondents.
• Data to be collected must be clarified before the actual
data collection.
• Data must be contextualized by answering six W-
questions.