Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lumped Parameter
Continuous
(Discrete)
Use
Equations of Equilibrium
Basic Equations
Constitutive Equations
Compatibility Conditions
Form
[A]{x}={b}
Element:
Discrete Structural Member
Nodes:
Characteristic points that
define element
D.O.F.:
All possible directions of
displacements @ a node
Assumptions
• Small Deformations
Undeformed Configuration
Deformed Configuration
Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic
Equations
1 2
P1
P2
Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic
Equations
2
1 +
2=0
1
P11 P21
P11
Equilibrium
P11 P21 0 P11 P21 P11 k 1
Constitutive P21 k 1
P11 k 1
Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic
Equations
1=0
2
P12
P22
Equilibrium
P12 P22 0 P22 P12 P22 k 2
Constitutive P12 k 2
P22 k 2
Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic
Equations
Combined Action
P1
P2
P1 P11 P12 k 1 k 2
P2 P21 P22 k 1 k 2
Derivation of Stiffness Matrix Using Basic
Equations
In Matrix Form
P1 P11 P12 k 1 k 2
P2 P21 P22 k 1 k 2
P1 k k 1
P2 k k 2
Consider 2 Springs
1 2 3
k1 k2
2 elements 3 nodes 3 dof
1
Fix Fix
Fix Fix
3
Fix Fix
2-Springs
k1 k1 0
1 P1
k1
k1 k 2 2 P2
k2
P
0 k 2 k 2 3 3
Compare to 1-Spring
k1 k1 1 P1
k
1 k1 2 P2
Use Superposition
1
1 2 3
2 1 x x x
0
3
12 32
2 x x x
21 X X
3 x0 x x
23 X X
SM is Symmetric
Betti-Maxwell Law
SM is Singular
No Boundary Conditions Applied Yet
u1 u5
P
x u4 u4
Local CS
u3 u3
Objective: Transform State Variables from LCS to GCS
Transformations
Consider P2y P2x y
Global CS
2
x
P1x = P1xcosP1ysin
P1x
1 P1y = -P1xsinP1ycos
P1x P1y
P1x cos sin P1x
=
P1y -sin cos P1y
P1 = T P1
Transformations
P2y P2x y
Global CS
2
x
In General
P1x
1 P1 = T P1 or
P1x P1y P1 =
-1
P1
T
Similarly for u
u1 = T u1 P2 = T P2 or
-1
u2 = T u2 P2 = T P2
Transformations
Element stiffness equations in Local CS
P2y P2x
P2
2 1 -1 1 P1
k =
P1y -1 1 2 P2
1 Expand to 4 Local dof
P1x P1
1 0 -1 0 u1x P1x
0 0 0 0 u1y P1y
k -1 0 1 0 u2x = P2x
0 0 0 0 u2y P2y
SM in Global Coordinate System
K : Element SM in global CS
l2 lm - l2 - lm
m2 - lm - m2
K = AE/L
Symm. l2 lm
m2
l=cos m=sin
In Summary