Chemical Reactions

& Solutions
 Water
 Polar Molecule:
has positive and
negative ends
(partially)

 Hydration: process
of a solid
dissolving in H2O
 LIKE Dissolves LIKE
 Solubility: The extent to which a
substance (solute) will be dissolved by a
given solvent.
 IMPORTANT: When ionic solids dissolve
in H2O, they break up into individual cation
and anions.
 Electrolytes (Conduct Electricity)

 Electrical Conductivity –
A solution’s ability to
conduct an electric
current. Due to the
presence of ions
Strong Electrolytes – Lots
of ions
Weak Electrolytes – Few
ions
Nonelectrolytes – No ions
Strong Electrolytes

 Solutions of substances that completely

ionize in water.
1. Soluble Salts (NaCl, KBr, MgSO4)
2. Strong Acids (only 8 to memorize)
Completely ionize to H+ and anion

3. Strong Bases (commonly NaOH, KOH)

Completely ionize to OH- and cation
Strong Acids: Memorize…
yesterday
 HCl HBr HI

 HClO3 HClO4 HIO4

 HNO3 H2SO4
Weak Electrolytes
 Solutions that don’t completely ionize.
 Commonly
Weak acids (HC2H3O2, HF)
Weak bases (typically NH3)
H2O
Nonelectrolytes
 Substances that dissolve
in water but do not form
ions.
 Common examples are
compounds that have
polar covalent bonds but
not ionic bonds.
 Sugar, ethanol, methanol
Concentration
 Molarity – common measure of a
solutions concentration.
 Molarity = M = Moles of solute
Liters of solution

 A solution that has a concentration of

1.0 molar (1.0M) contains 1.0 moles of
solute per liter of solution.
Examples
 What is the molarity of a 500.mL solution
made by dissolving 63.0g of NaF?
 How many mols and grams of HCl do we
need to dissolve if we need 250mL of
0.50M HCl?
 If we have 20.0g of calcium flouride what
volume of a 0.10M solution can we
make?
 What is the concentration of each ion in a
1.0M MgBr2 solution?
 Homework: 22, 23, 27
Dilution
 The process of taking a concentrated
solution (stock solution) and adding water to
achieve the desired concentration.
 Mol of solute before = Mol of solute after
 M1 x V1 = mole of solute before

 M2 x V2 = mole of solute after

 Therefore:
M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
Example
 The molarity of a solution prepared
by diluting 43.7mL of 5.00M aqueous
K2Cr2O7 to 500.mL is___?

 M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
 5.00M x 43.7mL = M2 x 500.mL
 5.00M x 43.7mL = M2
500.mL

 Homework: 31, 33, 34 (tough)

Types of Chemical Rxns
 Lots and Lots of different types but we
will narrow it down to 3 for now.

1. Precipitation Rxns (ppt) – a solid is

formed from 2 solutions
2. Acid-Base Rxns – neutralization in
which H2O is made.
3. Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) – e- are
transferred between atoms
 Precipitation Rxns
 A solid forms from 2 solutions
 Solid is called a precipitate
 We will learn to write 3 types of equations:
Molecular Formula – like we’ve already done
Complete Ionic Equation – all ions shown apart
Net Ionic Equation – “spectators” are deleted
Really Important : But Wait
New Solubility Rules
 Ionic salts that contain the following are
always soluble in water:

 Na+
 K+
 NH4+

 NO3-
 Precipitation Rxn

 Molecular Equation – Written like molecules

2KCl (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) ➔ PbCl2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)

 Complete Ionic Equation – Broken into ions

2K+ + 2Cl- + Pb+2 + 2NO3- ➔ PbCl2(s) + 2K+ + 2NO3-

 Net Ionic Equation – Delete the “spectators”

2Cl- + Pb+2 ➔ PbCl2(s)
Guess the Precipitate
1. Solutions of silver nitrate and
potassium chloride
2. Sodium sulfate and barium iodide
3. Ammonium carbonate and
nickel(II) chloride
Now lets take 1 of these and write
molecular, complete ionic, and net
ionic equations. Your Choice
Homework: 35, 37, 43, 39
Solution Stoichiometry
 Solutions of sodium sulfate and lead(II)
nitrate are mixed and a ppt forms.
Calculate the mass of the ppt formed when
1.25L of 0.500M Na2SO4 is mixed with 2.00L
of 0.250M Pb(NO3)2.

 Lets take it slow

1. Write the equation Homework:
2. Determine limiting reactant 47, 49, 51
3. Convert to mole
Acid-Base Rxns
 Acid – Proton (H+) donor
 Base – Proton (H+) acceptor

 Strong acids and bases completely

dissociate in solution.
 Weak acids and bases don’t completely
dissociate in solution.
Equations (HCl and NaOH)
 Molecular
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)

 Complete Ionic
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-  H2O (l) + Na+ + Cl-

 Net Ionic
H+ + OH-  H2O
 Equations (HC2H3O2 and NaOH)
 Molecular
HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq)  H2O(l) + NaC2H3O2(aq)

 Complete Ionic
HC2H3O2 + Na+ + OH-  H2O(l) + Na+ + C2H3O2-

 Net Ionic
HC2H3O2 + OH-  H2O(l) + C2H3O2-
 Neutralization
 To neutralize acid or base, the # of H+
has to be equal to the # of OH-
 What volume of 0.200M HCl is needed
to neutralize 50.0ml of 0.400 M NaOH?

 Balance the equation

 Find mols of OH- Homework:
 Calculate mols of H+ 55, 57, 59, 61
 Convert to volume

Can also do stoichiometric calculations

Titration Volumetric Analysis
 Titrant – solution of known concentration
 Analyte – solution under investigation
 Equivalence Point – point where enough
titrant has been added to react w/ analyte
 Indicator – substance added that changes
color at equivalence point
 End Point – point in titration where indicator
changes color
Phenolphthalein is colorless in acidic solutions
Titration problem
 It takes 50. ml of 0.50 M NaOH to titrate
a 125 ml sample of HCl. What is the
concentration (molarity) of the HCl?

 Breath and relax

1. Equation Homework:
2. Mol of OH- 63, 65, 66
3. Mol of H+
4. M= mol / Liter
 Redox
 Reduction is loss of electrons
 Oxidation is gain of electrons or oxygen

Leo Ger Oil Rig

 Oxidation Numbers (States)

Oxidation Numbers HW: 67, 69

 Assign oxidation numbers for all atoms

1. CH4
2. O2
3. CO2
4. MgCl2
5. SO42-
6. Fe2O3
7. NH4+
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
 Mg + O2  MgO
 2Mg + O2  2MgO
 2Mg  2Mg+ + 4e-
 O2 + 4e-  2O2-

 What was Oxidized? That is reducing agent

 What was Reduced? That is oxidizing agent
 Balancing Redox by ½ Reaction
In Acidic Conditions
1. Write separate rxn for oxidation and reduction
2. Balance everything but H and O
3. Balance O with H2O
4. Balance H with H+
5. Balance charge w/ electrons (e-)
6. Multiply to equalize # of e-
7. Add rxns together and cancel identical stuff
8. Last check (atoms and charges)
Examples In acidic conditions
 Cu + NO3-  Cu2+ + NO

 Pb + PbO2 + H2SO4  PbSO4

 Mn2+ + NaBiO3  Bi3+ + MnO4-

HW: 73
 Balancing Redox by ½ Reaction
In Basic Conditions

 Balance just like in acidic conditions

 Add OH- to both sides to balance H+
 Make OH- and H+ into H2O

 Eliminate as many H2O as you can

 Last Check (atoms and charges)
Examples In Basic conditions
 Cr + CrO42-  Cr(OH)3

 MnO4- + S2-  MnS + S

 CN- + MnO4-  CNO- + MnO2

HW: 75