CHAPTER 6

In Sunny Spain
(1882-1885)
Pernia, Aima Brenda
Loar, Erniesthen Lyn
 HUMAN RIGHTS
• FREEDOM
OF SPEECH
• FREEDOM
OF THE
PRESS
• FREEDOM
University of
OF
Santo Tomas ASSEMBLY
Rizal's secret mission
• Approval of his brother paciano
• to observe keenly the life and
culture, languages and customs,
industries and commerce, and
governments and laws of the
European nations in order to
prepare himself in the mighty
task of liberating his oppressed
people from Spanish tyranny.
BUT AS GOD HAS NOT MADE
ANYTHING USELESS IN THIS WORLD,
AS ALL BEINGS FULFILL
OBLIGATIONS OR A ROLE IN THE
SUBLIME DRAMA OF CREATION, I
CANNOT EXEMPT MYSELF FROM
THIS DUTY, AND SMALL THOUGH IT
BE, I TOO HAVE A MISSION TO FILL,
AS FOR EXAMPLE: ALLEVIATING THE
SUFFERINGS OF MY FELLOW-MEN. I
REALIZE THAT ALL THIS MEANS
SACRIFICES, AND TERRIBLE ONES. I
IMAGINE THE PAIN WHICH I MUST
GIVE YOU, BUT I FEEL SOMETHING
THAT OBLIGES AND IMPELS ME TO
LEAVE. I SHALL STRIVE WITH FATE,
AND I SHALL WIN OR LOSE... GOD'S
WILL BE DONE.
 Secret departure for
Spain
• Spanish authorities and the friars
• His brother Paciano
• Antonio Rivera, father of Leonor Rivera
• his sisters Neneng and Lucia
• the Valenzuela family Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday and their daughter
Orang
• Pedro A. Paterno
• his compadre Mateo Evangelista
• the Ateneo Jesuit fathers
• some intimate friends, including Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio).
• Jose Mercado
• May 3, 1882 departed on board the Spanish steamer Salvador bound for
Singapore
 Singapore
• sixteen passengers, including himself - "five or six ladies, many children,
and the rest gentlemen. He was the only Filipino, the rest were Spaniards,
British, and Indian Negroes.
• ship captain, Donato Lecha
• May 8, 1882, Rizal saw a beautiful island. Fascinated by its scenic beauty,
he remembered "Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga"
• May 9 Rizal landed, registered at Hotel de la Paz, and spent two days on a
sightseeing soiree of the city. He saw the famous Botanical Garden, the
beautiful Buddhist temples, and the statue of Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles
(founder of Singapore).
 From Singapore to
Colombo
• Djemnah, French steamer
• left Singapore for Europe on May 11
• passengers were British, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese,
and Filipinos (Mr. and Mrs. Salazar, Mr. Vicente Pardo, and Jose
Rizal).
• May 17, the Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seacoast town in
southern Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).
• Djemnah weighed anchor and resumed the voyage towards Colombo,
the capital of Ceylon.
• Rizal delightfully scribbled on his diary: "Colombo is more beautiful,
smart and elegant than Singapore, Point Galle, and Manila."
 First trip through
Suez Canal
• Djemnah continued voyage crossing the Indian Ocean to the Cape of Guardafui,
Africa.
• Rizal sighted the barren coast of Africa, he called an "inhospitable land but famous"
• stop over in Aden, Rizal found the city, hotter than Manila.
• Djemnah proceeded to city of Suez, Red Sea terminal of Suez Canal.
• Rizal disembarked and went sightseeing, he impressed him most was the beautiful
moonlight which reminded him of Calamba and his family.
• Rizal was thrilled because it was his first trip through this canal which was built by
Ferdinand de Lesseps (French diplomat engineer). It was inaugurated on November
17, 1869.
• He was fascinated to hear the multi-racial inhabitants speaking a babel of tongues
Arabic, Egyptian, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, etc.
 Naples and
Marseilles
• June 11, Rizal reached Naples.
• Italian city pleased him because of its business activity, its lively people, and its
panoramic beauty.
• He was fascinated by Mount Vesuvius, the Castle of St. Telmo, and other historic
sights of the city.
• night of June 12 steamer docked at the French harbor of Marseilles, Rizal bidding
farewell to his fellow- passengers, disembarked.
• He visited the famous Chateau d'lf, where Dantes, hero of The Count of Monte
Cristo, was imprisoned.
• Rizal enjoyed reading this novel of Alexander Dumas when he was a student at the
Ateneo.
• He stayed two and a half days in Marseilles, enjoying every day of his sojourn.
 Barcelona
• May 15, Rizal left Marseilles by train for the last lap of his trip to Spain.
• He crossed the Pyrenees and stopped for a day at the frontier town of Port Bou.
• Rizal finally reaching his destination Barcelona on June 16, 1882.
• Rizal's first impression of Barcelona, the greatest city of Cataluña and Spain's second
largest city, was unfavorable, he thought that it was ugly, dirty little inns and
inhospitable residents.
• Rizal found it a really great city, with an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism, its
people were open-hearted, hospitable, and courageous.
• He enjoyed promenading along Las Ramblas, the most famous street in Barcelona.
• They welcomed Rizal gave him a party at their favorite cafe in Plaza de Cataluña
 "Amor Patrio" (Love of Country)
• He sent this article to
his friend in Manila,
Basilio Teodoro Moran,
publisher of Diariong
Tagalog, the first
Manila bilingual
newspaper (Spanish and
Tagalog)
• Rizal's "Amor Patrio,"
under his pen-name
Laong Laan, appeared
in print in Diariong
Tagalog on August 20,
1882
• The Tagalog text was a Tagalog
translation made by M.H. dei Pilar.
• As in his prize winning "Juventud
Filipina." Rizal in his "Amor
Patrio" urged his compatriots to
love their fatherland, the
Philippines.
• Publisher Basilio Teodoro Moran
requested for more articles. In
response to his request, Rizal wrote
the second article for Diariong
Tagalog entitled "Los Viajes"
(Travels). His third article, entitled
"Revista de Madrid" (Review of
Madrid), which he wrote in Madrid
on November 29, 1882, was
returned to him because the
Diariong Tagalog had ceased
publication for lack of funds.
 Manila moves to
Madrid
• Rizal received sad news about the cholera that was ravaging Manila and the
provinces.
• Many people died and more were dying daily according to Paciano's letter, dated
September 15, 1882.
• Calamba folks were having afternoon novenas to San Roque and nocturnal
processions and prayers so that God may stop the dreadful epidemic, which the
Spanish health authorities were impotent to check.
• Another sad news from the Philippines was the chatty letter of Chengoy recounting
the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner because of the absence of
a loved one.
• one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882), Paciano advised his younger brother to finish
the medical course in Madrid.
• Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and established himself in Madrid capital of
Spain.
 Life in Madrid
• November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid
(Central University of Madrid) in two courses - Medicine and Philosophy
and Letters
• he studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San
Fernando
• took lessons in French, German, and English under private instructors
• assiduously practised fencing and shooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y
Carbonell.
• His thirst for knowledge of music, he visited the art galleries and museums
and read books on all subjects under the sun, including military engineering,
in order to broaden his cultural background.
• Rizal led a Spartan life in Madrid.
• He knew that he came to Spain to study and prepare himself for service to his
fatherland.
• He lived frugally, spending his money on food, clothing, lodging, and books and
his only extravagance was investing a few pesetas for a lottery ticket in every draw
of the Madrid Lottery.
• He spent his leisure time reading and writing at his boarding house, attending the
reunions of Filipino students at the house of the Paterno brothers (Antonio,
Maximino, and Pedro), and practicing fencing and shooting at the gymnasium.
• Saturday evenings, he visited the home of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey who lived with
his son (Rafael) and daughter (Consuelo).
• Don Pablo had been city mayor of Manila during the administration of the liberal
governor general Carlos Ma de la Torre (1869-1871) and promoted vice-president
of the Council of the Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies (Ultramar).
 Romance with Consuelo Ortiga y
Perez.
• Rizal was not a handsome man. In physique neither dashing nor imposing, he
was a shy small man a few inches above five feet in height.
• Rizal possessed an aura of charisma due to his many-splendored talents and
noble character which made him attractive to romantic young women. Don
Pablo's daughters (Consuelo) fell in love with him.
• Rizal, being a lonely young man in a foreign country, far from his natal land, was
attracted by Consuelo's beauty and vivacity.
• Rizal composed a lovely poem on August 22, 1883 dedicated to her.
• A La Señorita C. O. y P. (To Miss C. O. y P.), 10 expressed his admiration for
her, found solace and joy in her company.
• his romance with Consuelo could blossom into a serious affair
• Rizal suddenly backed out for two reasons:
1. he was still engaged to Leonor Rivera
2. his friend and co-worker in the Propaganda Movement, Eduardo de Lete, was
madly in love with Consuelo and he had no wish to break their friendship because
of a pretty girl.
• "They Ask Me For Verses." In 1882 shortly after his arrival in
Madrid, Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-
Philippine Circle), a society of Spaniards and Filipinos.
• Rizal wrote a poem entitled "Me Piden Versos" (They Ask Me
For Verses) which he personally declaimed during the New
Year's Eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos held in the
evening of December 31. 1882.
 Rizal as Lover of
Books
• Rizal favorite pastime in Madrid was reading.
• he stayed at home and read voraciously until midnight since early
childhood, he liked to read.
• Rizal economized his living expenses, and with the money he saved to
purchased books from a second-hand book store owned by a certain
Señor Roses.
• He was able to build a fair-sized private library.
• geography, arts, and sciences.
• Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and
Eugene Sue's The Wandering Jew.
 Rizal's First Visit to
Paris at the(1883).
• Rizal went to Paris, sojourning in this gay capital of France from June 17 to August 20, 1883.
• He was billeted Hotel de Paris on 37 Rue de Maubange; later, he moved to a cheaper
hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes in the Latin Quarter
• Rizal was charmingly titillated by the attractive sights of Paris
• Rizal improved his mind by observing closely the French way of life and spending many hours
at the museums, notably the world-famous Louvre; the botanical gardens, especially
Luxembourg; libraries and art galleries; hospitals, including the Laennec Hospital
• he observed Dr. Nicaise treating his patients the Lariboisiere Hospital, where he observed tue
examination of different diseases of women.
• Rizal was mistaken by the Parisians as a Japanese
• he commented in a letter to his family: "Paris is the cosliest capital in Europe, "
 Rizal as a Mason.
• Rizal in Spain came in close contact with prominent Spanish liberal and republican
Spaniards, who were mostly Masons, Miguel Morayta, Francisco Pi y Margal,
Manuel Becerra, Emilio Junoy, Juan Ruiz Zorilla.
• March 1883, he joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid. His reason for
becoming a mason was to secure Freemasonry's aid in his fight against the friars in
the Philippines.
• Rizal transferred to Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid), where he became a Master Mason
on November 15, 1890. February 15, 1892, he was awarded the diploma as Master
Mason by Le Grand Orient de France in Paris
• Rizal played a lukewarm role in Freemasonry. unlike M.H. del Pilar, G. Lopez
Jaena, and Mariano Ponce who were very active in Masonic affairs.
• Rizal only Masonic writing was a lecture titled "Science, Virtue and Labor," which
he delivered in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad, Madrid.
 Financial Worries.
• After Rizal's departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba. The harvests of
rice and sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts. Manager of the Dominican-owned
hacienda increased the rentals of the lands cultivated by the Rizal family.
• Don Francisco was a good raiser of turkeys but there came a time when a dreadful pest killed
most of the turkeys, the manager requested for a turkey, Don Francisco had to deny him
because he needed the few surviving turkeys for breeding purposes, by his failure to receive a
turkey, the vindictive manager arbitrarily increased the rentals of the lands leased by Don
Francisco and Paciano.
• Rizal's life in Madrid on June 24, 1884 he was broke, he was unable to take breakfast that day,
he attended his class at the university, participated in the contest in Greek language and won
the gold medal. In evening he was able to eat dinner, for he was a guest speaker in a banquet
held in honor of Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo at Restaurant Ingles, Madrid.
 Rizal's Salute to Luna and
Hidalgo.
• The banquet on the evening of June 25, 1884 was sponsored by the Filipino
commity to celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist National
Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid - Luna's Spoliarium winning first prize
and Hidalgo's Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace, second prize.
• It was attended by prominent Spanish artists, newspapermen, and men-of-
letters, statesmen, and Filipinos.
• Rizal held his audience spellbound. He saluted Luna and Hidalgo as the two
glories of Spain and the Philippines
• This magnificent speech of Rizal was greeted with wild ovations, for seldom
did the Spaniards hear such an oration from the lips of a brown Filipino
which was almost peerless in nobility of thought, in Spanish rhetoric, in
sincerity of feeling, and in sonorous eloquence.
 Rizal Involved in Student Demonstrations.
• On November 20, 21, and 22, 1884, the serene city of Madrid exploded in bloody riots
by the students of the Central University.
• Rizal and other Filipino students participated, together with Cuban, Mexican,
Peruvian, and Spanish students, in the tumult.
• student demonstrations caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta, professor of
history, at the opening ceremonies of the academic year on November 20, in which he
proclaimed "the freedom of science and the teacher".
• Catholic bishops of Spain, condemned and promptly excommunicated Dr. Morayta
and those who applauded his speech.
• university students rose in violent demonstrations they rioted in the city streets,
shouting: "Viva Morayta! Down with Bishops!" Practically all the students in various
colleges (Law, Medicine: Philosophy and Letters, etc,) joined the massive
demonstrations, including Rizal, Valentin Ventura, and other Filipinos.
• The police and the army troopers tried to suppress the angry students, but in vain.
Bloody fights raged in the university buildings and in the city streets.
• The students armed with clubs, stones, and fists, fought the
government forces. Many university professors openly
supported the student rioters.
• The Rector, who also took the side of the students, was
forced to resign and was replaced by Doctor Creus, "a very
unpopular man, disliked by everybody.
• The appointment of the new Rector intensified the fury of
the student demonstrators. More student demonstrations
convulsed the city. Recounting the tumultuous riotings to
his family in a letter dated November 26, 1884, Rizal said:
 Studies Completed in
Spain.
• Rizal completed his medical course in Spain. He was conferred the degree of Licentiate
Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884.
• The next academic year (1884-85) he studied and passed all subjects leading to the degree of
Doctor of Medicine.
• Rizal did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he
was not awarded his Doctor's diploma.
• Rizal also finished his studies in Philosophy and Letters, with higher grades. He was awarded
the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid on
June 19, 1885 (his 24th birthday), with the rating of "Excellent" (Sobresaliente).
• Rizal became qualified to be a professor of humanities in any Spanish university. And by
receiving his degree of Licentiate in Medicine, he became a full-ledged physician, qualified to
practise medicine. He did not bother to secure the post-graduate degree of Doctor of Medicine
because it was, together with the licentiate in philosophy and letters, good only for teaching
purposes.
• Being a man of high intelligence and foresight, he
knew that with his brown color and Asian racial
ancestry no friar-owned university or college in the
Philippines would accept him in its faculty staff.
• Thus he said, in his letter to his family written in
Madrid, November 26, 1884: "My doctorate is not of
very much value to me . because although it is useful
to a university professor, yet I believe they
[Dominican friars - Z] will never appoint me as such
in the College of Santo Tomas. I say the same thing of
philosophy and letters which may serve also for a
professorship, but I doubt if the Dominican fathers
will grant it to me
Thank You
for
listening!