INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOTIVE

ENGINEERING II (ATEN 202)

LUBRICATION

Dr. M. U. Kaisan FSEM, MIAE, RE (COREN) MWSSET

mukaisan@abu.edu.ng
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
2020/21 Session
 Introduction
• All material surfaces, no matter how smooth they are, show many irregularities in the
form of peaks and valleys, which are large when considered on a molecular scale.

• When these two solid surfaces are pressed over or slide over each other, a real contact
between these surfaces occurs that will cause friction and consequently the production
of heat.

• During the motion of the sliding surfaces, a considerable amount of frictional heat is
evolved at the rubbing surface. This results in high local temperature even under
relatively light loads and speeds. This friction also causes a lot of wear and tear of the
surfaces of the moving parts.

• Even under small load, the local pressure at the peaks of the metals may be sufficiently
great to cause appreciable deformation in ductile metals. If two materials of different
hardness slide over one another, the peaks of the softer metal get broken more easily
than the peaks of the harder metals.
 TRIBOLOGY
• The term tribology refers to the branch of engineering that deals with
friction, wear, and lubrication.

• Tribology is defined as "the science and technology of interacting surfaces

moving relative to each other and associated practical problems."

• Tribology is a major research field in the mechanical industry, Especially in

the industrial community, the rapid progress in machinery and acceleration
of machine speeds has increased production rates, but significantly, added
cost of machine damage and energy consumption.
PRINCIPLES OF LUBRICATION
HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATED BEARING
 Meaning of lubrication
• Friction - is created when there is relative motion between two surfaces.
Resistance to motion is defined as friction
• Lubrication is use of a material between surfaces to reduce friction. Any
material used is called a lubricant
Types of Lubricant - Physical
• Liquid • Solid
• Typical lubricants are liquid/fluids • Graphite, MoS2
• Mineral oil or synthetic oils
• Semi solid • Gases
• Greases • Atomised 2 stroke oils
Typical lubricants - Application
 Engine oils
 Gear Oils
 Turbine Oils
 Hydraulic Oils
 Metal working
oils
 Cutting oils
 Forming Oils
 Rust preventives
 Heat Transfer Oils
 Heat Treatment
Oils
• Quenching
Oils
• Tempering

Lubricate - Reduce friction
 The effects of friction
 Metal to metal contact
Leads to wear and tear,
generates heat and
results in power loss
 Lubricant reduces
Function of lubricants
friction by forming a
film
 Reduces ill effect of
friction
Sealing – prevent
leakage
 Oil film
 Between piston ring
and liner
 Helps in creating a
gas tight seal
Cooling - Heat transfer
 When fuel is burnt in an engine
 33% is useful power
 33% removed by cooling
water
 33% by lube oil and radiation
 Lube oil removes heat from all Protection – prevent wear
areas and brings it to the engine  Protection against acids
sump. and moisture
 Improper cooling can lead to over
heating, lead to wear, distortion  Increase life of
and failure. component and
equipment
Cleaning - Detergency Noise pollution - dampening
 Cleans carbon and varnish deposits  Reduce noise: By preventing metal
 Flushes the entire system to metal contact
removing: Soot, Deposits, Acids,  Dampens noise: As between
Wear products, Moisture camshaft and tappet
 Removes external contaminants
dust, moisture (external)
 Properties of
lubricants
1- Kinematic viscosity 2- Viscosity index 3- Pour Point 4- Flash Point 5-
Total Base Number
Kinematic viscosity Low Viscosity oils
Measure of internal resistance to used
flow  High speeds
Decreases with increase in  Low pressure
temperature  Low temperature
Important in lubricant selection High Viscosity oils
Increase in used oil indicates used
oxidation  Low speeds
Specified at 40˚C and 100˚C Viscosity index  High pressure
 Measure
Measured in Centi Stokes (CSt) of fluids change of viscosity with  High
temperature. temperature
 Empirical number
 The higher the VI the lower the change of viscosity
 Properties of lubricants …………….. Cont’d

Total Base Number (TBN) Flash Point

 Measured the acid neutralizing  Lowest temperature at which the vapor above
reserve in oil. the liquid will ignite under flame
 Important for deciding discard of  Indicated safe maximum temperature of
oil operation.
 Decreases due to:  Indicator of volatility
 Oxidation of oil  Test method - PMCC
 Water contamination  Measured in ˚C
 Fuel contamination
 Measured in Mg KOH/gm of oil Pour Point
 Lowest temperature at which the
fluid will flow
 Indicates lowest operating
temperature
 What are additives? What do they do in
Engine
s
Oils?
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Surface Protective additives - Automotive
Lubricants
• Additive type Anti wear & EP Agent
• Purpose Reduce friction & wear.
Prevent scoring & seizure
• Typical ZDDP, Organic Phosphates, acid phosphates,
compounds organic sulfur and chlorine compounds etc.
Chemical reaction with metal surface and forms a
film.
• Function
Prevents metal-to-metal contact
Surface Protective additives - Automotive
Lubricants
• Additive type Corrosion and Rust Inhibitor
• Purpose Prevent corrosion and rusting of the metallic parts
in contact with lubricant
• Typical ZDDP, Metal phenolates, Basic Metal sulphonates,
fatty acid & Amines.
compounds

Preferential adsorbtion of polar constituent on

• Function metal surface.
Provide protective film
Neutralize corrosive acids
Surface Protective additives - Automotive
Lubricants
• Additive type Detergents
• Purpose Keep surface free of deposits
• Typical Metallo organic compounds of Sodium, Calcium
compounds and Magnesium phenolates
Phosphonates and sulphonates
• Function Chemical reaction with sludge and varnish
percursors to neutralize them and keep them
soluble
Surface Protective additives - Automotive
Lubricants
• Additive type Dispersant
• Purpose Keep insoluble contaminants dispersed in the
lubricant
• Typical Alkylsuccinimides, alkylsuccinic esters and
mannich reaction products
compounds
Contaminants are bonded by polar attraction to
• Function dispersant molecules.
Prevented from agglomerating
Kept in suspension due to solubility of
dispersant
Surface Protective additives - Automotive
Lubricants
• Additive type Friction modifier
• Purpose Alters coefficient of friction
• Typical Organic fatty acids and amides.
compounds Lard Oil, high molecular weight organic
phosphorus.
Phosphoric acid esters
• Function Preferential adsorption of surface active
materials
Performance additives - Automotive
Lubricants
• Additive type Pour Point Depressant
• Purpose Enable lubricant to flow at lo temperature
Alkylated naphthalene
• Typical Phenolic polymers, Ploymethacrylates
compounds Maleate/fumerate copolymer esters
Modify wax crystal formation to reduce
• Function interlocking
Performance additives - Automotive
Lubricants
• Additive type Seal swell Agent
• Purpose Swell elastomeric seals, gaskets
• Typical Organic phosphates
compounds Aromatic hydro carbons
• Function Chemical reaction with with elastomer to cause
slight swell.
Performance additives - Automotive
Lubricants
• Additive type Viscosity modifier
• Purpose Reduce the rate of viscosity change with
temperature
• Typical Polymers and copolymers of olefins,
methacrylates, dienes
compounds
Alkylated styrenes.
Polymers expand with increasing temperatures
• Function
This counteract oil thinning
Performance additives - Automotive
Lubricants
• Additive type Antifoamant
• Purpose Prevent lubricant from forming a persistent foam
Silicone polymers
• Typical Organic copolymers
compounds Reduce Surface tension to speed collapse of foam
 Performance additives - Automotive
Lubricants
Additive type Antioxidant
Purpose Retard oxidative decomposition
Typical compounds ZDDP,

Function Hindered phenols, Aromatic Amines, sulfurized

phenols
Decompose peroxides
Terminates free-radical reactions
 Performance additives - Automotive
Lubricants
• Additive type Metal deactivator
• Purpose Reduce catalytic effect of metals on oxidation rate

• Typical compounds Organic complexes containing nitrogen or sulfur

Amines, sulphides and Phosphates

• Function Forms inactive film on metal surfaces by

complexing with metallic ions
 Lubricant - Nomenclature and
Specifications
Nomenclature
• Crankcase oils - SAE numbers
• Viscosity classification – ISO
3448
• Grease – NLGI Numbers

Performance
• Crankcase oils - Performance
levels
• Crankcase oils – OEM
Specifications
• US Military – US-MIL-2104
ENGINE OIL CODES
ENGINE OIL CODES
Lubricant - Specifications

• Crankcase oils - SAE numbers

• Crankcase oils - Performance levels
• Crankcase oils – OEM Specifications
• Viscosity classification
• Grease specification
Major specifying organizations
• SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers (USA)
• API - American Petroleum Institute
• US Military Specs – US - MIL – 2104 -
• CCMC – European Specification
• ISO – International Standard Organization – ISO 3348
• NLGI – National Lubricating Grease Institute
 SAE viscosity grades for engine oils
Designated
• With corresponding viscosity
• For high temperature application
• Warmer areas/regions
• SAE 20
• SAE 30
• SAE 40
• SAE 10
• SAE 50
• SAE 60
SAE viscosity grades for engine oils
Designated
• With corresponding viscosity
• For low temperature application
• Colder areas/regions
• SAE 0 W
• SAE 5 W
• SAE 10 W
• SAE 15 W
• SAE 20 W
• SAE 25 W
SAE viscosity grades for Mono grades - Engine
Oils
Mono grades are designated with single SAE number
SAE 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
• SAE 5W,10W, 15W,20W,25W
• Can be used either in summer season or in winter seasons.
• Gradual shift to multi grades.
• Shift also due to lower oil consumption by multi grades
• Available as Engine oil and Gear Oils
SAE viscosity grades for Multi grades -
Engine Oils
Multi grades are designated with two SAE number
Widely in use today
• SAE 10w/30, 15w/30, 25w/50
• SAE 5W/30, 20W/40
• Suitable for use in winter and summer months or seasons
• Available in Engine oils & Gear oil
THANK YOU