ATEN 202

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING II

Engr. Dr. M. U. Kaisan

mukaisan@abu.edu.ng
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

2019/20 Session
 COURSE OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Various Types of IC Engines
– Spark Ignition Engines
– Compression Ignition Engines
– Two Stroke Cycle Engines
– Four Stroke Cycle Engines
– Wankel Engines
• Various Components of IC Engines
• C – crankshaft.
• E – exhaust camshaft.
• I – inlet camshaft.
• P – piston.
• R – connecting rod.
• S – spark plug.
• V – valves. red: exhaust, blue:
intake.
• W – cooling water jacket. gray
structure – engine block.
• Fuel and ignition Systems
 The fuel supply system of spark ignition engine consists of
– Fuel tank
– Sediment bowl
– Fuel lift pump
– Carburetor
– Fuel pipes
 Types of ignition systems
– Ignition by electric spark or spark ignition
– Ignition by heat of compression or compression ignition
– Ignition by hot tube or hot bulb
– Ignition by open fire
TUTORIALS / LABORATORIES/WORKSHOP
 INTRODUCTION
Heat engines
• A heat engine is a device that absorbs heat (Q) and uses it to do useful work (W) on the

surroundings when operating in a cycle.

• Working substance is the matter that undergoes addition or rejection of the heat inside the

heat engine and does work on the surroundings. Examples of working fluids are water, air
and vapour (steam)

• Sources of heat in the heat engines include the combustion of coal, petroleum, carbohydrates

(or biomass) and nuclear reactions.

• Heat engines are divided into two:

• Internal Combustion Engines

 External Combustion Engines
• External combustion engines are those in which energy is released from a
fuel in a separate furnace and is transferred to the working agents across a
divided wall.

• Example of External Combustion Engine is the Steam Turbine engine

Steam turbine Engines with Turbine
Generators
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
• Internal combustion engine is the type of engine where by energy is given to the working
agent by burning fuel inside the engine
• Examples of Internal combustion engines are petrol engines, diesel engines and gas
engine.
• An Internal combustion engine therefore is a heat engine which converts the heat energy
released by the combustion of the fuel inside the engine cylinder, into mechanical work.
• Internal combustion engines are used to generate power in automobiles, air crafts, trains,
(locomotives), marine engines, electric generating plants etc.
• In Internal combustion engines, the working agent is air, while for external combustion
engines, the working agent is steam.
 CLASSIFICATION OF I. C. ENGINES
Internal combustion engines can be classified according to:

• Nature of thermodynamic • Types of fuel used as;

cycles as; – Petrol engines
– Otto cycle engines (Constant – Diesel engines
Volume) – Gas engines
– Bi-fuel engines
– Diesel cycle engines (Constant
– Biofuel engines
Pressure)
– Dual combustion cycle engines
(constant Volume and pressure) • Methods of cooling as;
– Air cooled engines
– Water cooled engines
• Number of strokes/working
cycles as; • Methods of ignition as;
– Four stroke engines – Spark ignition engines
– Two stroke engines – Compression ignition engines
• Position (Arrangement) of cylinders
as;
– Horizontal engines
– Vertical engines
– Vee engines
– Radial engines
– Inline engines
– Opposed cylinder engines
• Speed of engines as;
– Low speed engines (up to 500 rpm)
– Medium speed engines (500 rpm 1000
rpm)
– High speed engines (Above 1000 rpm)
• Specializations of engines as;
– Stationary and automobile engines
– Motorcycle engines
– Locomotive engines
– Marine engines
– Aircraft engines/Jet engines
– Electric power generating engines
• Base on engine size, weight
(duty) as;
– Heavy duty engines
– Light duty engines
 Engines Classification based on
Configurations
• Inline Engines: The cylinders are
arranged in a line, in a single bank.

• V Engines: The cylinders are

arranged in two banks, set at an angle to
one another.

• Flat (Opposed Cylinder) Engines:

The cylinders are arranged in two banks
on opposite sides of the engine
 SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

• In Spark ignition engines, the combustion is initialized by a spark

(from spark plugs) during the combustion process.

• They are being fuelled by the volatile liquids and gases (Use petrol
as a fuel) .

• They operate in Otto cycle process, the energy supply and

rejection occur at constant volume process and the compression
and expansion are isentropic (constant entropy) process.

• They incorporate a carburettor or injector for mixing air and fuel

vapour in correct proportion for rapid combustion.
 Characteristics of SI Engines

• S I engines have low specific weight, high speed,

• high mechanical efficiency,
• high running cost, low maintenance cost,
• have a little or no excess air,
• contains CO2 at the exhaust,
• compression ratio is between 5 to 10.5.
• they also have low specific fuel consumption and require low
cracking effort.
• The combustion process is between 100 to above 300 psi
How an SI Engine Works
 COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES & CHARACTERISTICS

• In compression ignition engines, the combustion is initialized spontaneously by the

virtue of the rise in temperature during the compression process.
• It works on diesel cycle.
• In diesel engines, the energy addition occurs at constant pressure but energy rejection
is at constant volume.
• The role of the spark plug is replaced by fuel injector.
• The compression ratio is from 12 to 25.
• The engine has low speed, low running cost, high maintenance cost.
• Compression ignition engines use less volatile liquid fuels (diesel),
• have compression pressure of 400 to 700 psi and have no ignition device and the
speed/load are controlled varying the fuel quantity injected.
How a CI Engine Works
 WHY COMPRESSION RATIO IS HIGHER
IN CI ENGINES THAN SI ENGINES
• In S. I engines, the upper limit of compression ratio is fixed by
antiknock quality of fuel.
• While in C. I engines, upper limit of compression ratio is
limited by thermal and mechanical stresses of cylinder
materials
• This is why the compression ratio is higher in CI engines than
S.I engines.
 Main differences between gasoline engine and
diesel engine:
– A gasoline engine intakes a mixture of gas and air, compresses it and ignites the mixture with
a spark. A diesel engine takes in just air, compresses it and then injects fuel into the
compressed air. The heat of the compressed air lights the fuel spontaneously.

– A gasoline engine compresses at a ratio of 8:1 to 12:1, while a diesel engine compresses at a
ratio of 14:1 to as high as 25:1. The higher compression ratio of the diesel engine leads to
better efficiency

– Gasoline engines generally use either carburetion, in which the air and fuel is mixed long
before the air enters the cylinder, or port fuel injection, in which the fuel is injected just prior
to the intake stroke (outside the cylinder). Diesel engines use direct fuel injection -- the diesel
fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.

– The diesel engine has no spark plug, that it intakes air and compresses it, and that it then
injects the fuel directly into the combustion chamber (direct injection). It is the heat of the
compressed air that lights the fuel in a diesel engine.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING