Chemical Bonding in a

Nutshell
Octet Rule
• Octet Rule – the valence s and p orbitals of an atom has
eight electrons. The noble gases, already having eight
electrons in their valence orbitals, do not need to combine
with other compounds to attain stability, and are thus
relatively unreactive or “inert”.
• Chemical bond is an electrical attraction between nuclei
and valence electron of an atom and which binds atoms
together oftentimes this type of attraction is called an
intramolecular force.Three types of chemical bonds may
exist in substances: ionic, covalent and metallic.
CLASSIFYING BONDS
BASED ON
(EN)ELECTRONEGATIVI
TY
POLAR, NON POLAR OR IONIC BONDS
What is (EN) Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a
bonding pair of electrons.
Why do Atoms Bond?

•To become stable.

•To Obtain electrons
needed.
•To fill the outer level of
electrons.
Types of Bonds

1.Polar Covalent Bond

2.Non polar Covalent Bond
3.Ionic Bond
Polar covalent bonds
occur when electron pairs are unequally shared.
The difference in electronegativity between atoms is
0.5-2.0. Examples of compounds having polar
covalent bonds are:

• HCl EN of H = 2.1 EN of Cl = 3.0 ΔEN = 0.9

• HF EN of H = 2.1 EN of F = 4.0 ΔEN = 1.9
Non-polar covalent bonds
occur when electron pairs are shared equally
or the difference in electronegativity between
atoms is less than 0.0 to 0.4. Examples of
substances having non-polar covalent bonds
are:
• H2 EN of H = 2.1 ΔEN = 0.0
• Cl2 EN of Cl = 3.0 ΔEN = 0.0
• F2 EN of F = 4.0 ΔEN = 0.0
Ionic bonding
is the complete transfer of valence electron(s)
between atoms. Difference in electronegativity
between atoms is ≥ 2.0

• NaCl EN of Na=0.9 En of Cl= 3.0 ∆ 2.1

• LiF EN of Li=1.0 En of F=4.0 ∆ 3.0
Let’s summarize
Practice!!!!
1. What type of bond will form between LiBr (Lithium Bromide)?
• LiBr EN of Li=1.0 EN of Br=2.8 ∆EN=1.8
• Polar Covalent Bond
2. What type of bond will form between CF4 (Carbon tetraflouride)
• EN of C = 2.5 EN of F = 4.0 ΔEN = 1.5
• Polar Covalent Bond
3. What type of bond will form between CH4 (Methane)
• EN of H = 2.1 EN of C = 2.5 ΔEN = 0.4
• Non polar covalent bond
• MgO
Mg=1.31 O=3.44 ∆EN=2.13
Ionic bond
CaCl
Ca=1 Cl=3.16 ∆EN=2.16
Ionic Bond
H2
H=2.2 H=2.2 ∆EN=0
Non Polar Covalent bond
Quiz!!!
• What type of bond will form between

1. NaF
2. NaCl
3. O2
4. HBr
5. F2
6. AlBr
7. MgN
8. ClH
9. H20
10. CH4
Answer
1. NaF - Sodium Fluoride
EN of Na=0.9 EN of F=4.0 ∆3.1 #Ionic Bond
2. NaCl - Sodium Chloride
EN of Na=0.9EN of Cl=3.0 ∆2.1 #Ionic Bond
3. O2-Oxygen
EN of O=3.5 EN of O=3.5 ∆0.0 #Non Polar Covalent Bond
4. HBr – Hydrogen Bromide
EN of H=2.1 EN of 2.8 ∆0.7 #Polar Covalent Bond
5. F2-Flourine
EN of F=4.0 EN of F=4.0 ∆0.0#Non Polar Covalent Bond
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
AND POLARITY
VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion theory
 Molecular Geometry
• Lewis structures help determine the 3-
D arrangement of atoms in a molecule
. Such arrangement is referred to as
molecular geometry.
• Determined by the bonded and
unbonded (lone pairs) of electrons Lewis structure
surrounding the central atom, the
molecular geometry affects the Molecular Geometry
polarity of the whole molecule.
• VSEPR theory helps predict the
spatial arrangement of atoms in a
polyatomic molecule. The shapes are
designed to minimize the repulsion
within a molecule.
 Lewis Dot Structure made Easy
1. Find the total # of Valence
Example: H20 H=1(2) O=6 Total of 8
2. Put the least EN atom in the center. (Flourine has the most EN)
NO2 N is further that O
3. Hydrogen always goes on the outside
HCl
4. Complete the octet rule.
HCL
5. If central atom does not complete the octet, move electrons from outer atoms
to form double or triple bonds.
O2
1. H20
2. SO3
3. HCl
4. CH4
5. NH3
6. HF
7. CO2
8. H2S
9. BF3
10. HCN
 Guidelines to determine the VSEPR shape of a
molecule
1. Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least
electronegative element.
2. Count how many valence electrons the central atom has.
3. Count how many valence electrons the side atoms have.
4. Create the appropriate Lewis structure of the molecule.
5. Using the Lewis structure as a guide, determine the appropriate VSEPR
shape for the molecule.
6. Note how many electrons are shared and unshared. This will help
determine the appropriate VSEPR shape.